Definition/Introduction
Symptothermal contraception or fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) of family planning are birth control methods in which women collect information to inform themselves of their fertile window, the days of the cycle with the highest fecundity.[1] These methods depend on observations of signs and symptoms that correlate with different hormone levels as indicators for an approximate timeframe when ovulation is likely to occur. Typical data may include 1 or more of the following: menstrual dates, basal body temperature (BBT), cervical mucus or position, and urinary hormone metabolites.[1] Due to the data collection that the patient requires, symptothermal contraception is commonly referred to as a "fertility-awareness" contraceptive method.[2] FABMs of family planning incorporate barrier methods, such as condoms, spermicidal gel, diaphragms, and withdrawal use during the fertile window. The use of these barriers distinguishes FABMs of family planning from natural family planning, which allows only abstinence during the fertile days.[3]
Most women experience an increase in their BBT of 0.5°F (0.3°C) shortly after ovulation. This increase in temperature is attributed to the heightened release of both progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This increase in temperature persists until 1 to 2 days before menstruation.[3][4] The most fertile days of the cycle are the 2 to 3 days before this increase in temperature, during which ovulation most likely occurs.[5] A thermal nadir, the lowest BBT of the cycle, typically occurs the day before ovulation. Once BBT has persistently increased, ovulation has occurred, and the fertile window is over.[3] BBT is defined as the lowest natural body temperature recorded after a period of rest in the absence of pathology. The individual measures their BBT with a thermometer every morning upon awakening. The temperature must be recorded at approximately the same time each day.[6] The fertile windows can also be predicted based on algorithmic calculations from previous cycles.[3] The woman may prevent conception by avoiding sexual intercourse or using a barrier method during this time period.[7] Women are recommended to abstain from sexual intercourse 2 to 3 days before the expected increase in their body temperature and up to 3 days after its initial increase. The male partner's role in the FABMs of contraception cannot be overlooked since abstinence and condom or other barrier use are necessary for these methods to be effective.[3]
The person may also evaluate their cervical mucus or fluid (secretions) daily, noting its texture, consistency, and color. Adding a sign of estrogenic activity, like cervical mucus or urinary estrogen metabolites, increases the accuracy of identifying the fertile window compared to BBT measurements alone.[8] Cervical mucus either promotes or prohibits the passage of sperm during various times of the menstrual cycle.[3] At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, cervical mucus is tacky or viscid in nature. During the fertile period of the menstrual cycle, the cervical mucus is clear, abundant, and stretchy. This consistency of cervical mucus is present only during the fertile window.[3] It can be stretched between 2 fingers to a length of at least 6 cm due to an increase in estrogen at the end of the follicular phase.[9] This mucus consistency is designed to facilitate sperm mobilization during the fertilization process. The aforementioned changes in cervical mucus can be detected approximately 4 to 7 days before ovulation.[4]
To reliably predict upcoming menstrual cycles, it has been suggested that data collection should be conducted over approximately 6 to 12 cycles.[9] Using all this information, the woman can then chart her menstrual cycle and determine which days correspond to the luteal phase, the follicular phase, and which day ovulation is most likely to occur. The woman may then be able to determine their "fertile window," which is the period of days around ovulation when conception is most likely to occur.[10] The ovum remains able to be fertilized for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. Sperm can live for up to 5 days after deposition in the female genital tract. These 2 considerations result in a fertile window of approximately 6 days. The highest chance of achieving pregnancy occurs in the two days leading up to ovulation. Since a person does not usually ovulate on the same day with every cycle, the fertile window is considered to be longer than the actual 6 days with the FABMs of contraception.[3]
Tracking menstrual cycle length is another component that may be used in FABMs of contraception. Ovulation occurs 9 to 16 days before the end of a menstrual cycle. For example, in a person who has menstrual cycles that range from 26 to 32 days in length, the fertile window is likely to be days 8 through 19.[3] By tracking urinary hormones, specifically luteinizing hormone, and possibly estradiol, progesterone, and pregnanediol glucuronide, the completion of the fertile window can be better understood. However, these urinary tests may not be effective in predicting the onset of the fertile window.[3]
Many fertility-tracking apps have become popular for use in tracking cycles for people using symptothermal contraception. These apps help identify the fertile window to avoid pregnancy. However, several reviews have found that these apps have not been successful in predicting the fertile window, and there is little evidence-based research to support their use. Many of these fertility-tracking apps are not successful in pregnancy prevention. Additionally, when comparing apps, a significant variation was observed in the start day and end day of the fertile window for a specific patient's data. Furthermore, many apps failed to identify all days that likely fall within the physiologically fertile window. A study of 40 apps and technologies found that only 4 could effectively predict fertility windows. Therefore, patients may experience unintended pregnancies because they are unknowingly relying on technology that is not evidence-based.[8]
Issues of Concern
The effectiveness rate of using the symptothermal method as a means of preventing unplanned pregnancy is controversial and highly debated. Multiple sources and studies report differing results. An observational longitudinal cohort study conducted in Germany in 1985 reported a pregnancy rate of 0.6 per 100 subjects, based on 13 cycles among 900 subjects. Each of these subjects denied sexual intercourse during their fertile period.[11] Data collected from patients who did not strictly adhere to abstinence from intercourse during their fertile period were eliminated from the study.
Results from another study, conducted across 5 nations by the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in 1981, reported a method-related pregnancy rate of 2.8%. However, the overall pregnancy rate of patients using the method was 22.6%.[4] About 19.6% of the patients' pregnancies were due to user-related errors during the implementation of the method. More recent data has shown typical use pregnancy rates ranging from 1.8% to 33.6% and 0.4% to 12.1% for perfect use rates. The large variation in pregnancy rates is due to a variety of FABMs of contraception that are available and a limited number of people utilizing 1 specific method.[3]
The main risk associated with this contraceptive method is the failure to prevent conception due to errors in instruction, the method's application, failure to abstain or use a barrier method during the fertile period, and unreliable data collection.[12] The primary reason for this method's failure in preventing conception is the improper implementation or inadequate patient education. The presence of pathology causing an increase in body temperature, such as a fever, is also a concern regarding data collection. Women who experience inconsistent menstrual cycles may also have difficulty using this method of contraception.
Clinical Significance
The number of patients using symptothermal contraception as their primary birth control method has steadily increased by an average of 3% to 4% since the 1970s.[13] The wide availability of smartphone apps that help women track data related to their menstrual cycle has contributed to their growing popularity.[14] Wearable devices to track BBT and even cervical mucus are examples of such advancing technology that may increase the ease of use of FABMs.[3] Certain religious groups also strongly encourage their patrons to implement this method as a primary means of contraception.[15] Many people believe they are using an effective FABM of contraception when, in reality, some of these methods have not undergone standard effectiveness evaluations.[1]
The advantages of FABMs include that they are non-hormonal. Additionally, the education required to use these methods helps people understand their bodies better and may aid in achieving pregnancy later in life when desired. Disadvantages of FABMs include the requirement for a cooperative partner, and pathologic conditions may alter physiology, making it difficult to identify factors accurately. Recent birth and lactation also make FABMs challenging to use.[3]
Appropriate patient education is absolutely critical for these methods to be successful. Therefore, clinicians need to be very knowledgeable and skilled in counseling women about these and all contraceptive options. Unfortunately, FABMs are not frequently included in contraception counseling sessions, mainly because of the lack of provider guidance and misperceptions of the lack of efficacy.[3] The effectiveness of a particular method in preventing pregnancy may not apply to a specific patient, and the effectiveness rates cannot be definitively compared between methods.[1]
Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions
A collaborative, interprofessional team committed to delivering comprehensive family planning and contraceptive care is pivotal in enhancing patient outcomes. When a patient seeks to chart a course for their fertility journey, whether aspiring to conceive or prevent pregnancy, it is imperative to engage in consultations with skilled physicians and nurses. These healthcare professionals offer invaluable guidance, counseling, and the ability to facilitate necessary referrals. An interprofessional team can adeptly address any challenges that may arise in a patient's quest to access birth control and essential primary health care, all aimed at optimizing their fertility plan.
To achieve optimal patient outcomes, it is essential to prioritize collaboration, shared decision-making, and effective communication. The gold standard of care, guided by an integrated care pathway and evidence-based methodologies, should be centered around women's needs. Women should be equipped with comprehensive written resources detailing the array of contraceptive options available. Moreover, the interprofessional team bears the responsibility of providing unwavering support to women and their families as they navigate the decision-making process to identify the most suitable contraceptive method. In the realm of patient-centered care, it is imperative to honor and respect the preferences, beliefs, and values of women and their families when making choices regarding contraception methods.
