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WHO Housing and Health Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

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Web Annex EReport of the systematic review on the relationship between hazards in the home and injuries

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Introduction

This report assesses the relationship between hazards in the home and injuries. We conducted a systematic review of this topic to support the development of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Housing and health guidelines. The aim of this systematic review was to provide the best available evidence from existing research to contribute to the deliberations of the WHO Guideline Development Group (GDG). It provides information that will help to answer questions around whether people living in homes with fewer hazards have fewer injuries than those living in homes with more hazards. This report is a substantial update of the preliminary version submitted in May 2015, to take account of more extensive searching and input from members of the GDG.

The structure of this report is as follows:

  • Background: provides a brief contextualization of the relationship between the home environment and injury.
  • Eligibility criteria and population, exposure, comparator, outcomes (PECO): outlines the PECO for this systematic review, and provides detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  • Search strategies and checking of articles: presents the process of searching and identifying articles.
  • Extraction of information, preparation of narrative summaries, evidence profiles and summary of findings tables: provides the process of data extraction, quality assessment, and outcomes and findings presentation.
  • Findings: summarises the results.
  • Discussion: discusses the findings.
  • Comprehensive appendices 1–23 present detailed information in relation to this systematic review.

Background

Housing conditions affect the health status of the inhabitants. There is a need to understand the evidence base for various aspects of housing on health outcomes. Unintentional injuries at home contribute a significant burden of mortality and morbidity (National Safety Council 2003), as well as to emergency department (ED) visits (Runyon 2005), particularly among children and the elderly (WHO 2008). While there are many factors, which contribute to residential injuries, structural issues in the home itself are an important factor. Falls (including fractures), electrocutions and burns are common injuries occurring in the home. This systematic review, which is a part of a series of systematic reviews conducted for the WHO Housing and health guidelines, examines the relationship between hazards in the home and injuries.

Methodology

Research question

The final research question that was agreed on, in discussion with the WHO, is:

Do residents in homes with fewer hazards have fewer injuries than those living in homes with more hazards?

Eligibility criteria and PECO

The eligibility criteria were designed with the intent to understand a variety of housing safety hazards and their effect on the incidence of injuries. The final eligibility criteria as agreed through discussion with the GDG is shown in Table 1. The review also sought to understand the effect of inequities in relation to the research question.

Table 1Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review

Inclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
ContextDomestic houses or flats in the community setting, regardless of household tenure
Because gardens, yards, and common (shared) building spaces such as staircases, elevators, basement rooms etc. are part of standard residential use, studies were eligible if they investigated the relationship between design parameters of these and injury prevention.		Old age or nursing homes
Homeless shelters
Residential schools/colleges
Orphanages or residential children’s homes
Hotels
ParticipantsAll populations were eligible, with special attention to subgroups that may be more vulnerable to particular hazards. These sub-populations relate to:
Age (old-aged persons and children) Gender
Persons with different abilities
ExposuresThe following exposures related to housing structure were considered for this review:
  • Uneven floor surface
  • Changes of floor levels
  • Steep stairs
  • Variation in stair geometry
  • Lack of guarding of stairs, landings and balconies
  • Unsafe windows
  • Unsafe doors
  • Kitchen layout
  • Lack of smoke/carbon monoxide detectors
  • Unvented gas/solid fuel burning stoves
  • Unsafe electric installation
  • Open fires
  • Unprotected hot surfaces (which could include open fires, solid fuel stoves etc.)
  • No grab-rails or handles to baths/showers
ComparisonAbsence of the relevant exposure
OutcomesThe review focused on the top five health outcomes identified by the GDG:
  • Electrocution
  • Broken or fractured bones
  • Mortality due to injuries
  • Burns or scalds
  • Hospitalization (outpatient or inpatient) due to injuries
Outcomes that are not related to health or social elements of participants
Outcomes that are measured jointly from home accessibility features and participants health or social changes
Study typeExperimental studies:
  • Randomized trials
  • non-randomized controlled trials,
  • controlled before and after (CBA) studies (i.e. studies with a concurrent control group which have data collected on outcome measures at baseline and follow-up),
  • pre-post designs, and interrupted time series (ITS),
Observational studies
  • case-control studies,
  • cohort studies, and
  • cross-sectional studies
Systematic reviews were sought and are presented in the report separately but not included in the review.

Randomized trials are the most robust study design to assess the effects of interventions, and may have been used to assess the effects of interventions to reduce hazards, such as the use of fireguards or smoke or carbon monoxide detectors. However, we expected that randomized trials comparing different levels of hazard in the home would be rare, particularly because of the difficulties of conducting research comparing housing designs and collecting long-term follow-up data. Therefore, it was agreed that experimental studies as well as observational research would be eligible for inclusion in this review.

Search strategies and checking of articles

The constraints of time and resources involved in the conduct of this systematic review meant that it was not possible to explore all potential sources of information that might be drawn upon in a more comprehensive systematic review. As such, extensive searching for unpublished studies and for studies reported in the grey literature or published in journals that are not well-indexed in the major bibliographic databases was not conducted.

In 2015, search strategies were prepared and delivered by an experienced information specialist, in consultation with the review team (Appendices 1-8), and formed the basis of the preliminary report to the GDG. The following databases were searched:

  • MEDLINE
  • Embase
  • Cochrane Library
  • PsychInfo
  • Global Health from CABI
  • Web of Science
  • CINAHL

We had intended to search the WHO ICTRP database, but its interface does not allow for the complex searches required for a review with as wide a scope as this, and, so, we did not search it. We therefore relied on the search of clinicaltrials.gov to identify prospectively registered trials.

After further discussion within the review team, Evidence Aid and the GDG, a highly sensitive supplementary search was designed (Appendix 9) with the intention of increased sensitivity. This retrieved more than 22 000 records for screening, which included the reports suggested by the members of GDG. The intention was to avoid missing any pivotal study, which had reported the health outcomes that had been identified as most important for this review and which might transform the overall findings of the systematic review or the conclusions to be drawn from the findings. No language, geographic or study design restrictions were applied in the search strategy.

Considering the time available for the review, we restricted the study to those published during and after 2004. Further, only studies conducted after 1998 were included in the systematic review. Setting date limits for publication and conduct allowed us to exclude the few studies that are published a long time after they were done. Table 2 shows the number of records that were identified in the initial searches and supplementary search for the periods before and after 1998.

Table 2Number of records retrieved for articles published outside the time-period for this systematic review using the searches in Appendices 1-9 for original search in 2015

Database1998-2003Pre 1998Total
MEDLINE (Ovid) (Appendix 1)8971 4922 389
Embase (Ovid) (Appendix 2)2889811 269
Cochrane Library (Appendix 3)7962141
Psyclnfo (Ovid) (Appendix 4)8661 3282 194
CABI Global Health (Ovid) (Appendix 5)3811 7872 168
Web of Science (SSCI/SCI) (Appendix 6)512384896
CINAHL (Ebsco) (Appendix 7)335225560
ClinicalTrials​.gov (no date limits) (Appendix 8)n/an/a1 024
Supplementary search (Appendix 9)5 5616 86612 247

In order to bring the systematic review up-to-date, new searches for eligible studies were done in April 2018 to identify articles published since 30 January 2015. The updated search covered the same databases that were searched in 2015 and the highly sensitive supplementary search was also re-run. Detailed search strategies for the update are presented in Appendices 10–18.

Two reviewers independently screened records retrieved from the bibliographic databases based on their title and abstracts to identify potentially relevant articles. This assessment was performed in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria developed a priori, after the WHO had confirmed all criteria. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus.

For the original search in 2015, the 13 508 search results from the databases were combined (except those from ClinicalTrials.gov, which was treated separately) and then de-duplicated in EndNote; 316 duplicates were removed by automatic detection and manual checking. The remaining 13 192 records were uploaded to an online screening system (Rayyan), which allows simultaneous independent screening to indicate decisions made about potential inclusion versus exclusion by the reviewers, using a cloud-computing platform. After manually screening for duplicates in Rayyan, 12 425 unique records remained. Two reviewers screened the records identified in the clinical trials registry independently, and their files were merged to check for any disagreements, which were resolved through consensus. The sensitive supplementary search identified 22 965 records and after de-duplication, 22 215 records remained. We did not merge the results of the original and supplementary searches until the full text stage for pragmatic reasons. Figure 1a outlines the screening process in a PRISMA flow diagram for the 2015 search.

For the 2018 update, 19 513 records were retrieved from electronic database searching. 2107 duplicates were removed and 17 406 were screened. Eighteen full text articles were assessed for eligibility but only two were finally found to be eligible for inclusion. This has been outlined in Figure 1b.

As expected when the searches were designed for maximum sensitivity, most of the retrieved records were not relevant to this systematic review and this was obvious from scrutiny of their title and abstract. Given the large number of such reports, reasons for the early exclusion of each of these several thousand records were not recorded.

A list of the studies that were excluded after full text review and the reason for their exclusion and studies that are awaiting classification are shown in Appendix 18.

Figure 1a. Flow diagram for identification of studies.

Figure 1aFlow diagram for identification of studies

Figure 1b. Flow diagram for identification of studies in 2018 update.

Figure 1bFlow diagram for identification of studies in 2018 update

Extraction of information, preparation of narrative summaries, evidence profiles and summary of findings tables

Full text articles were obtained for all studies that were identified as potentially eligible after the first round of screening. Data was extracted to determine if they should be included, using a piloted data extraction form. The first section of this form had information necessary to make a decision on inclusion. If studies were considered ineligible, the remaining sections of the form were not completed. The second section of the form was completed for included studies only. The following data were extracted, where available (Appendix 19 shows the characteristics of included studies):

  • Study details: location, year, contextual information.
  • Methods: study design, total duration of study, study location, study setting, risk of bias information, withdrawals, and period of conduct of study.
  • Participants: number, mean age or age range, gender, diagnostic criteria if applicable, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria.
  • Exposure and comparison: description of exposure, comparison, duration, intensity, content of both exposure and control condition, and any co-exposures or co-interventions.
  • Outcomes: description of outcomes specified and collected, and the time points at which they were measured.
  • Other information: funding for the study and any reported conflicts of interest of authors.

We assessed the Risk of Bias (RoB) and other features of the quality of each study to allow the completion of an evidence profile for each study. The RoB checklists were chosen based on the study design and the results of the RoB assessment of included studies are presented in Appendix 20. Evidence was narratively synthesised and evidence summaries and standard summary of findings were prepared for presentation to the GDG.

Results

Results of the search

Twenty studies were included. There were six interventional studies, five of which were randomized trials (Campbell 2005; Fitzharis 2010; Phelan 2011; Keall 2015; Kamei 2015) and one used a pre-post design (Chamania 2015). Fourteen observational studies were included. Six of these were cohort studies (one of which was the control group from a randomized trial) (Kendrick 2005; Keall 2008; Leclerc 2010; Pearce 2012; Harvey 2013; Istre 2014), seven were case-control studies (LeBlanc 2006; Mashreky 2010; Taira 2011; Sadeghi Bazargan 2012; Othman 2013; Kendrick 2015; Stewart 2016) and one study was a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data (Pressley 2005). All five randomized trials were from high income countries: two from New Zealand (Campbell 2005; Keall 2015) and one each from the United States of America (Phelan 2011), Australia (Fitzharis 2010) and Japan (Kamei 2015). The interventional study with pre-post design was from a rural India (Chamania 2015). Among the observational studies, most studies were also conducted in high income countries: four from the United Kingdom (Kendrick 2005; Pearce 2012; Kendrick 2015; Stewart 2016); three from the USA (Pressley 2005; Taira 2011; Istre 2014); two from Canada (Lenblanc 2006; Leclerc 2010) and one each from Australia (Harvery 2013) and New Zealand (Keall 2008). Three observational studies were from low and middle income countries: Bangladesh (Mashreky 2010), the Islamic Republic of Iran (Sadeghi-Bazargan 2013) and Iraq (Othman 2013). Further characteristics of the included studies are detailed in Appendix 19.

Populations

The studies included a range of participants, with some studies focusing on children under five years of age, older children, caregivers of children, community dwelling older adults, older adults with visual impairments, patients presenting to an emergency department, and patients in a burns registry. One study recruited visually impaired adults over the age of 75 years (Campbell 2005), and none of the other studies targeted differently-abled individuals living in the community.

Types of interventions

This review includes evidence with regard to several interventions and exposures that were specified in the PECO (Table 1):

Effect of exposures or interventions on outcomes

Some of the studies were related to the assessment or modification of hazards generally, while others related to specific interventions (such as fire or smoke alarms or stair gates). In general, the evidence was unclear for the effects of general programs but there were clear benefits for some interventions, such as fire and smoke alarms. Evidence profiles to summarise the evidence and its certainty are presented in Appendix 21.

Fire, smoke or carbon monoxide detector

Properly installed and functioning smoke alarms were found to reduce the incidence of burn injuries. A randomized trial in the USA found that smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors at baseline and at 12 and 24 months’ follow-up prevented burns and fires in the homes (Phelan 2011). A Canadian case-control study found an increased risk of burns and scalds in children if their house did not have a smoke alarm (LeBlanc 2006). A case-control study from Iraq found an increased risk of burns in children if their house did not have a smoke alarm (Othman 2013). Another study, in the United Kingdom, reported that among children seeking primary care, admitted to hospital, or presenting to the emergency department, those with burn injuries were less likely to have working smoke alarms in the home (Kendrick 2005). However, another case-control study, in the USA, reported that burn cases had similar rates of smoke alarm usage and use of carbon monoxide detectors (Taira 2011).

The evidence that smoke alarms reduce the risk of hospitalization is supported by two cohort studies. One found that the introduction of legislation for compulsory smoke alarm ownership in an Australian state decreased hospitalization rates by 36.2% annually (Harvey 2013). The other found that fire-related death and injury were lower in the population with an installed smoke alarm than in the population without a smoke alarm (Istre 2014).

Stair and safety gates or doors

Three studies reported on the effects of stair or safety gates on injury in children. One cohort study in the United Kingdom found that among children under 5 years of age, those who lived in homes that had been fitted with stair safety gates were less likely to be admitted to hospital, to attend primary care or to access the accident and emergency department (Kendrick 2005). A case-control study in Bangladesh found that children living in homes where the kitchen did not have a door were more likely to sustain burns (Mashreky 2010). This finding is supported by a case-control study from the United Kingdom, in which not using safety gates was associated with a significant increase in scalds (Stewart 2016).

Window guards

One cross-sectional study from the USA assessed the effect of window guard legislation. Window guards were found to be twice as effective in preventing falls than windows without guards (Pressley 2005).

Home safety assessment and modification programme

Five randomized trials studied the effect of home safety assessment and modification programmes on injuries (Campbell 2005; Fitzharris 2010; Kamei 2015; Keall 2015; Phelan 2011). These had mixed results depending on the comparator for the home safety assessment and modification programmes, some of which are effective interventions for, for example, reducing falls. However, in general, people living in homes in which hazards had been reduced were less likely to sustain injuries than those who received no injury prevention interventions. For example, a randomized trial in New Zealand of adults over 75 years who had severe visual impairments found that there were fewer falls in the group of participants in the home safety programme, compared with those who did not receive this programme (Campbell 2005). Similarly, a randomized trial in the USA showed that the rate of medically attended injuries was reduced in children who had the programme compared with controls who did not (Phelan 2011). This is supported by Keall 2015 who found that medically treated falls were rarer for the group of dwellings that had been assessed and modified for safety. In addition, a randomized trial from Japan found that falls occurring in the home one year after introducing a home hazard modification programme were reduced more in the intervention group than in the control group (Kamei 2015). In contrast, a randomized trial of older adults in the United Kingdom found that the home modification programme did not reduce the incidence of falls (Fitzharris 2010).

Association between the number of hazards in the home and the incidence of injuries

Four case-control studies found a dose-response relationship between the number of home hazards and the need for medical consultations or visits to health care services. The New Zealand study reported an estimated increase of 22% in the odds of injury occurrence associated with each additional home injury hazard (Keall 2008). A Canadian study of adults aged 65 years and over found that an increase in the number of home hazards was associated with an increased risk of a second fall-related medical visit (Leclerc 2010). However, a study of children (aged 9 months to 3 years) in the United Kingdom found that those who lived in homes without any of the four hazards measured (fire guard, safety gate, smoke alarms and electric socket covers) were approximately 20% less likely to have been injured than those with all four hazards (Pearce 2012).

Supplementary evidence from individual studies

Three studies were identified, which do not meet the eligibility criteria but which might be particularly useful for the development of the guideline (Johnston 2011; Phillips 2011; Clouatre 2013). Detailed information about theses is presented in Appendix 22. In summary, Johnston 2011 is a case-control study in which windows rather than children were identified as the cases for comparison with controls. This study might be informative because it identifies various design related parameters associated to falls from windows. Clouatre 2013 studied the effect of a legislation requiring all new or renovated residential buildings to lower the maximum setting of their hot water heaters to 49°C (120°F) by installing anti-scalding mixer valves. This intervention was not listed in the original criteria but might be important because of its potential impact on scalds. Phillips 2011 is an economic evaluation conducted alongside a randomized trial, which also studied the effect of anti-scalding thermostatic mixer valves (delivered as a part of a multi-factorial intervention) on scalds. No quality appraisal of primary studies included as supplementary evidence was conducted.

The searches further found several recent studies, which showed that specific home hazards were associated with increased injuries:

  • A case-control study of 88 residents in a high fall rate building (n=48) and a low fall rate building (n=40) found a mean of 15.29 (SD: 1.58) environmental hazards in the high fall rate building, compared to 10.38 (SD: 1.76) in the low fall rate building (Kim 2018).
  • A case-control study of 582 children (<5 years) with a medically attended fall injury occurring at home matched with 2460 controls found that injured children were significantly less likely to live in a household without furniture corner covers (aOR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.95) or without rugs and carpets firmly fixed to the floor (aOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.98) (Benford 2015).
  • A case-control study of 501 adults (≥60 years) in Kerala in India found increased injuries with slippery floor (aOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.31-4.32) and door threshold (aOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01–2.29) (Ravindran 2016).
  • A case-control study of 892 stroke survivors and 892 controls (>65 years) in the USA (where the main purpose was to compare stroke survivors with non-stroke survivors) found that tripping hazards were associated with increased falls (PR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03-1.56) (Wing 2017).
  • A cross-sectional study of 200 households with 637 children (<18 years) in Kumasi in Ghana found that burn injury was more common for children of families that cooked outside the house (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.60-2.14) or who lived in uncompleted accommodation (OR: 11.29, 95% CI: 1.48-86.18) (Gyedu 2016).
  • A cross-sectional study of 350 adults (≥80 years) in Brazil found significant associations with increased falls for main entrance steps (aPR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.03-3.21), uneven floor (aPR: 5.54, 95% CI: 2.26-13.55), absence of anti-slip kitchen loose throw rugs (aPR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.82-4.99), absence of anti-slip bedroom loose throw rugs (aPR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.08-3.14) and lack of grab bars in the shower (aPR: 4.69, 95% CI: 1.46-15.07) (Pereira 2017).

On the other hand, the searches also found recent studies that did not demonstrate a link between home hazards and injuries:

  • A cohort study of 566 children (<5 years) in Australia that examined hazardous structural features of the home and safe practices found that children living in homes with the least injury risk compared to those in high risk homes were more likely to suffer injury (RR: 1.90, 95% CI 1.15-3.14). However, families in the lowest risk homes were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged than families in the highest risk homes (more sole parents, lower maternal education levels, younger maternal age and lower income). When demographic and socioeconomic factors were adjusted for, the relationship between home risk and injury was no longer statistically significant (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 0.96-2.66) (Osborne 2016).
  • A cross-sectional study of 1489 adults (≥55 years) in Malaysia found no significant association between home hazards and falls (Romli 2018).

Supplementary evidence from related systematic reviews

A summary of evidence available from related systematic reviews is presented in Appendix 23. In summary, we found seven systematic reviews (Kendrick 2012; Turner 2011; McClure 2005; DiGuesseppi 2001; Gates 2008; Neyens 2011; Change 2004) related to the research question. No quality appraisal of systematic reviews included as supplementary evidence was conducted.

Discussion

In general, there is a lack of robust high quality evidence on the effect of home safety modifications on health related outcomes due to the paucity of high quality studies. There is some evidence available on the effect of smoke, fire alarms or carbon monoxide detectors on various injury-related health outcomes. However, it is important to keep smoke and fire alarms or carbon monoxide detectors in good working condition. The review further identified evidence from randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of home safety assessment and modification programs in decreasing the number of injuries needing medical attention. There is also some consistent evidence available that with an increase in the number of home hazards, the needs of medical care or consultations increase. The evidence base is largely from high-income countries. The few studies conducted in low-income settings are primarily on the prevention of burns, while none of them study the role of fire or smoke alarms, or carbon monoxide detectors as interventions or exposures.

Several studies were excluded because they reported slips or falls as an outcome measure but none of the health-related outcomes of interest to our review. It is important to note that most falls do not need medical attention or lead to either fractures or hospitalization. For example, Rubenstein found that only 1 in 20 falls led to either fractures or hospitalization (Rubenstein 2001). Therefore, future studies should assess the impact on health-related outcomes such as need for medical attention, fractures and hospitalizations and need to be large enough to have adequate power.

The reviewers undertook a comprehensive search of various databases and was broad in scope. The reviewers did not undertake any searches for grey literature such as evidence contained in reports, policy documents and other monographic material found in the publications of organizations working in the domain. Considering the resource intensiveness of accessing and searching the grey literature that is often accompanied by a very low yield, it was decided to focus on electronic databases only. Besides, this review was conducted with the aim to inform the guideline development process. Reflecting the complex nature and multi-factorial issues the domain of injury prevention involves, it took several re-iterations to finalize the scope of the review.

The systematic review concludes that there is a lack of high quality evidence of the listed interventions to modify injury-related health outcomes. Injuries in the home are a result of a multitude of factors. There is a general paucity of evidence for most exposures and interventions but there is some moderate quality evidence available for smoke and fire alarms as well as home safety assessment and modification programs. Given the obvious benefits of some interventions or exposures such balcony guards or unsafe electrical installation, experimental research might appear superfluous to understand their effects and it would be unethical to randomize people to control groups posing an obvious health threat.

Contributors

Authors: Soumyadeep Bhaumik (The George Institute for Global Health, India), Claire Allen (Evidence Aid, Oxford, United Kingdom), Saurabh Gupta (Ambition Health Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Ramona Ludolph (Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Switzerland), Mike Clarke (Evidence Aid, Oxford, United Kingdom and Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland).

John Eyers (Independent information specialist) designed and implemented the search strategies. Declan Bradley, Alex Nevitte, Lizzie Fletcher-Wood and Ambrish Singh supported the screening of articles in the 2015 supplementary search.

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  • Unwin BK, Andrews CM, Andrews PM, Hanson JL. Therapeutic home adaptations for older adults with disabilities. Am Fam Physician 2009; 80(9): 963–968. [PubMed: 19873963]
  • Valenza T. Home sweet home modification. Rehab management 2007; 20(5): 12–19. [PubMed: 17632884]
  • Vish NL, Powell EC, Wiltsek D, Sheehan KM. Pediatric window falls: not just a problem for children in high rises. Inj Prev 2005; 11(5): 300–303. [PMC free article: PMC1730276] [PubMed: 16203839]
  • Vladutiu CJ, Casteel C, Marshall SW, McGee KS, Runyan CW, Coyne-Beasley T. Disability and home hazards and safety practices in US households. Disabil Health J 2012; 5(1): 49–54. [PubMed: 22226298]
  • Vladutiu CJ, Casteel C, Runyan CW. Disability and risk of non-fatal residential injuries among adults. Inj Prev 2008; 14(5): 302–305. [PubMed: 18836046]
  • Watson DS, Shields BJ, Smith GA. Trimming- and pruning-related injuries in the United States, 1990 to 2007. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72(1): 257–262. [PubMed: 22310135]
  • Webb-Henderson S, Medley M, Skrine RB. Reducing the risk of falls in the home. Caring 2009;28(12):50–2, 54–5. [PubMed: 20158067]
  • Wing JJ, Burke JF, Clarke PJ, et al. The role of the environment in falls among stroke survivors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 72: 1–5. [PMC free article: PMC5817372] [PubMed: 28482268]
  • World Health Organization and UNICEF. World Report on Child Injury Prevention 2008. Available from whqlibdoc​.who.int/publications​/2008/9789241563574?eng.pdf [PubMed: 26269872]
  • Wynn P, Stewart J, Kumar A, Clacy R, Coffey F, Cooper N et al. Keeping children safe at home: protocol for a case-control study of modifiable risk factors for scalds. Inj Prev 2014; 20(5):e11. [PMC free article: PMC4174015] [PubMed: 24842981]
  • Yeh ES, Rochette LM, McKenzie LB, Smith GA. Injuries associated with cribs, playpens, and bassinets among young children in the US, 1990–2008. Pediat 2011; 127(3): 479–486. [PubMed: 21330418]
  • Zhang G, Lee AH, Lee HC, Clinton M. Fire safety among the elderly in Western Australia. Fire Safety J 2006; 41: 57–61.

Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategy for Ovid MEDLINE – original search conducted in 2015

Ovid MEDLINE(R) in-process and other non-indexed citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R) <1946 to present>

Searched: 29 January 2015

  1. housing/ or housing for the elderly/or assisted living facilities/ or public housing/or gardening/ (17243)
  2. (((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab. (5569)
  3. 1 or 2 (22159)
  4. Accidents, Home/ (4009)
  5. Accidental Falls/ (15957)
  6. accident prevention/ or safety/ or “hazard analysis and critical control points”/ (39505)
  7. environmental exposure/ or inhalation exposure/ or hazardous substances/ (70052)
  8. (accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab. (503184)
  9. or/4-8 (595961)
  10. exp “Wounds and Injuries”/ec, ep, et, mo, pc [Economics, Epidemiology, Etiology, Mortality, Prevention & Control] (207628)
  11. Hospitalization/ or Office Visits/ (78473)
  12. (injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab. (3397898)
  13. 10 or 11 or 12 (3502845)
  14. exp Animals/ (17625035)
  15. Humans/ (13645983)
  16. 14 not (14 and 15) (3979052)
  17. 3 and 9 (2789)
  18. 17 not 16 (2769)
  19. 3 and 13 (3694)
  20. 19 not 16 (3639)
  21. 18 or 20 (5716)
  22. exp Nursing Homes/ (32330)
  23. Homes for the Aged/ (11247)
  24. residential facilities/ or group homes/ or halfway houses/ or orphanages/ or poverty areas/ (11232)
  25. schools/ or schools, nursery/ (22735)
  26. Universities/ (26042)
  27. (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab. (36818)
  28. or/22-27 (114813)
  29. 21 not 28 (4823)
  30. limit 29 to yr=“2004 -Current” (2434)
  31. limit 29 to yr=“1998 -2003” (897)
  32. limit 29 to yr=“1860 – 1997” (1492)

Appendix 2. Search strategy for Embase – original search conducted in 2015

EmbaseClassic+Embase 1947 to 2015 Week 04(Ovid)

Searched: 30 January 2015

  1. (((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab. (6707)
  2. *housing/ or *assisted living facility/ or home environment/ or *household/ or *“construction work and architectural phenomena”/ or *architectural barrier/ or *vulnerable population/ or *poverty/ (28897)
  3. 1 or 2 (34688)
  4. (accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab. (729303)
  5. *electric accident/ or *electrocution/ or *explosion/ or *falling/ or home accident/ or *structure collapse/ or accident prevention/ or accident proneness/ or *falling/ (28251)
  6. home safety/ or *child safety/ or *hazard/ or *electric hazard/ or *hazard assessment/ or *health hazard/ or *inhalation/ or *fire protection/ (16316)
  7. or/4-6 (757392)
  8. exp *injury/ep, et, pc, rh [Epidemiology, Etiology, Prevention, Rehabilitation] (150883)
  9. *hospitalization/ or *consultation/ (34497)
  10. (injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab. (4703413)
  11. 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 (5190511)
  12. 3 and 11 (6842)
  13. exp animal/ (20234900)
  14. human/ (15387804)
  15. 13 not (13 and 14) (4847096)
  16. 12 not 15 (6735)
  17. nursing home/ or nursing home patient/ (45232)
  18. home for the aged/ (11412)
  19. residential home/ (5929)
  20. halfway house/ (1264)
  21. orphanage/ (799)
  22. school/ or college/ or community college/ or high school/ or kindergarten/ or medical school/ or middle school/ or nursery school/ or primary school/ or university/ (261148)
  23. (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab. (47613)
  24. or/17-23 (337432)
  25. 16 not 24 (5930)
  26. limit 25 to embase (3299)
  27. limit 26 to yr=“2004 -Current” (2030)
  28. limit 26 to yr=“1998 – 2003” (288)
  29. 27 or 28 (2318)
  30. 26 not 29 (981)

Appendix 3. Search strategy for Cochrane Library – original search conducted in 2015

Cochrane Library

Searched: 30 January 2015

#1.

MeSH descriptor: [Housing] this term only

#2.

MeSH descriptor: [Housing for the Elderly] this term only

#3.

MeSH descriptor: [Public Housing] this term only

#4.

MeSH descriptor: [Building Codes] this term only

#5.

MeSH descriptor: [Vulnerable Populations] this term only

#6.

MeSH descriptor: [Poverty] this term only

#7.

MeSH descriptor: [Assisted Living Facilities] this term only

#8.

MeSH descriptor: [Poverty Areas] this term only

#9.

MeSH descriptor: [Gardening] this term only

#10.

(((domestic or public or private) near/2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties):ti,ab

#11.

{or #1-#10}

#12.

MeSH descriptor: [Accidents, Home] this term only

#13.

MeSH descriptor: [Accidental Falls] this term only

#14.

MeSH descriptor: [Accident Prevention] this term only

#15.

MeSH descriptor: [Safety] this term only

#16.

MeSH descriptor: [Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points] explode all trees

#17.

MeSH descriptor: [Environmental Exposure] this term only

#18.

MeSH descriptor: [Inhalation Exposure] this term only

#19.

MeSH descriptor: [Hazardous Substances] this term only

#20.

(accident* or hazard* or safety):ti,ab

#21.

MeSH descriptor: [Wounds and Injuries] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [Economics EC, Epidemiology EP, Etiology ET, Mortality MO, Prevention & control PC]

#22.

MeSH descriptor: [Hospitalization] this term only

#23.

MeSH descriptor: [Office Visits] this term only

#24.

(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) near/2 (visit* or consult*))):ti,ab

#25.

{or #12-#24}

#26.

#11 and #25 Publication Year from 2004 to 2015 [280 hits]

#27.

#11 and #25 Publication Year from 1998 to 2003 [79 hits]

#28.

#11 and #25 All years [421 hits]

#29.

#26 or #27

#30.

#28 not #29 Pre-1998 [62 hits]

Appendix 4. Search strategy for PsycINFO – original search conducted in 2015

PsycINFO 1806 to January Week 4 2015 (Ovid)

Searched: 30 January 2015

  1. (((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab. (2851)
  2. *housing/ or *assisted living/ or *retirement communities/ or architecture/ or built environment/ or *at risk populations/ or *poverty areas/ or *poverty/ (29602)
  3. 1 or 2 (31812)
  4. (accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab. (68550)
  5. *accidents/ or *falls/ or home accidents/ or accident prevention/ or accident proneness/ or *hazardous materials/ or *hazards/ or exp *injuries/ or *safety/ (26353)
  6. fire prevention/ (127)
  7. *hospitalization/ or *hospital admission/ (5188)
  8. *professional consultation/ (6786)
  9. (injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab. (378611)
  10. or/4-9 (436560)
  11. 3 and 10 (4855)
  12. limit 11 to yr=“2004 -Current” (2661)
  13. limit 11 to yr=“1998–2003” (866)
  14. 12 or 13 (3527)
  15. 11 not 14 Pre-1998 (1328)

Appendix 5. Search strategy for Global Health – original search conducted in 2015

Global Health 1910 to 2015 Week 04 (Ovid)

Searched: 30 January 2015

  1. (((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab. (4279)
  2. housing/ or dwellings/ or homes/ or public housing/ or rural housing/ or households/ or living conditions/ (28299)
  3. poverty/ or deprivation/ or economically disadvantaged/ or low income groups/ (14115)
  4. structural design/ or architecture/ or buildings/ or building construction/ or building controls/ (5484)
  5. or/1-4 (47788)
  6. (accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab. (127540)
  7. accidents/ or falls/ or accident prevention/ or electrocution/ or safety/ (37191)
  8. safety/ or electrical safety/ or home safety/ (29549)
  9. hazards/ or fire danger/ or health hazards/ (14459)
  10. injuries/ or bruising/ or heat injury/ or abrasion/ or wounds/ or electrocution/ or burns/ or fractures/ or bone fractures/ or scald/ (17373)
  11. hospital admission/ or “health care utilization”/ (7126)
  12. (injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti. (133416)
  13. or/6-12 (275471)
  14. 5 and 13 (5289)
  15. limit 14 to yr=“2004 -Current” (3121)
  16. limit 14 to yr=“1998-2003” (381)
  17. 15 or 16 (3502)
  18. 14 not 17 Pre-1998 (1787)

Appendix 6. Search strategy for Web of Science – original search conducted in 2015

Web of Science (SCI/SSCI)

Searched: 31 January 2015

10384 [1970-1997]#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-1997
#9512 [1998-2003]#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1998-2003
#82617 [2004 to Current]#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=2004-2015
#73513#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#61 737 387#5 OR #4
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#51 407 064
TI=(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or “office visit*” or ((doctor* or physician* or “medical officer*” or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) NEAR/2 (visit* or consult*)))
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#4353 911
TI=(accident* or fall or falls or safety or hazard* or exposure)
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#366 027#2 OR #1
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#256 087
TS=(“assisted living” or poverty or (vulnerable NEAR (group* or population* or people)))
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015
#110 800
TS=(((domestic or public or private) NEAR/2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties)
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=1970-2015

Appendix 7. Search strategy for CINAHL – original search conducted in 2015

CINAHL Plus (Ebsco)

Searched: 31 January 2015

S27S16 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text46 [Pre-1998]
S26S15 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text102 [1998-2003]
S25S14 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text407 [2004 onwards]
S24S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text55 662
S23(MH “hotels”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text375
S22TI (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) N3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*) OR AB (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) N3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text13 017
S21(MH “Schools”) OR (MH “Colleges and Universities+”) OR (MH “Schools, Elementary”) OR (MH “Schools, Middle”) OR (MH “Schools, Nursery”) OR (MH “Schools, Secondary”) OR (MH “Schools, Special”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text33 933
S20(MH “Orphans and Orphanages”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text706
S19(MH “Residential Facilities”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text2 260
S18(MH “Halfway Houses”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text72
S17(MH “Nursing Homes”)Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text11 258
S16S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 18000101-19971231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text225
S15S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 19980101-20031231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text335
S14S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 20040101-20151231
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text1 731
S13S3 AND S12
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text2 291
S12S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text713 202
S11TI ((injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or “medical officer*” or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) N2 (visit* or consult*))) OR AB ((injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or “medical officer*” or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) N2 (visit* or consult*)))
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text587 395
S10(MH “Office Visits”)3 124
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text
S9(MH “Hospitalization”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text18 213
S8(MH “Wounds and lnjuries+/EC/EP/ET/MO/PC/RF”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text59 666
S7(MH “Inhalation Exposure”) OR (MH “Environmental Exposure”) OR (MH “Air Pollution, Indoor”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text12 689
S6(MH “Safety”) OR (MH “Child Safety”) OR (MH “Electrical Safety”) OR (MH “Fire Safety”) OR (MH “Home Safety”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text21 784
S5(MH “Accidental Falls”) OR (MH “Accidents, Home”) OR (MH “Accidents”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text16 212
S4TI (accident* or hazard* or safety) OR AB (accident* or hazard* or safety)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text105 885
S3S1 OR S2Search Screen - Advanced Search
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text12 619
S2(MH “Housing”) OR (MH “Public Housing”) OR (MH “Housing for the Elderly”) OR (MH “Assisted Living”)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text10 890
S1TI (((domestic or public or private) N2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties) OR AB (((domestic or public or private) N2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties)
DatabaseCINAHL Plus with full text2 053

Appendix 8. Search strategy for ClinicalTrials.gov – original search conducted in 2015

ClinicalTrials.gov

Searched: 31 January 2015

(housing OR house OR home OR indoor OR household OR dwelling) AND (accident OR hazard OR safety) AND (injuries OR fractures OR lacerations OR contusions OR concussion OR amputations OR dislocation OR broken OR ligaments OR burns OR fall OR falls) – 268 hits

(housing OR house OR home OR indoor OR household OR dwelling) AND (accident OR hazard OR safety) AND (scalds OR sprains OR cuts OR electrocution OR “electric shock” OR bruises OR abrasion OR mortality OR death OR morbidity) – 259 hits

(housing OR house OR home OR homes OR indoor OR household OR households OR dwelling OR dwellings) AND (accident OR accidents OR accidental OR injury) – 497 hits

Appendix 9. Search Strategy for highly sensitive supplementary search – original search conducted in 2015

C1 – Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) in-process and other non-indexed citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R) <1946 to present>

Search strategy:

  1. housing/ or housing for the elderly/ or assisted living facilities/ or public housing/ or gardening/ or building codes/ (18 103)
  2. (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*” or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab. (355 646)
  3. 1 or 2 (362 600)
  4. accidents, home/ (4057)
  5. accidental falls/ (16 460)
  6. accident prevention/ or safety/ or “hazard analysis and critical control points”/ (40 123)
  7. environmental exposure/ or inhalation exposure/ or hazardous substances/ (71 926)
  8. (accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab. (526 879)
  9. (floor*or stairs or stairway* or staircase* or step or steps or ((stair or fire or scald or door or rail) adj guard) or fireguard* or stove* or electricity or electric or socket* or “grab rail*” or “hand bar*” or handbar* or handrail* or “hand rail*” or shower or balcon* or veranda* or terrace* or portico* or window* or door or doors or doorway* or gate or gates or gateway* or (home adj2 “structur* modif*”) or ((smoke or fire or CO or carbon) adj (detector or alarm*))).ti,ab. (565 453)
  10. or/4-9 (1 169 011)
  11. exp animals/ (18 012 515)
  12. humans/ (13 964 868)
  13. 11 not (11 and 12) (4 047 647)
  14. 3 and 10 (40 642)
  15. 14 not 13 (39 085)
  16. exp nursing homes/ (32 944)
  17. homes for the aged/ (11 445)
  18. group homes/ or halfway houses/ or orphanages/ or poverty areas/ (6792)
  19. schools/ or schools, nursery/ (23 451)
  20. Universities/ (26 831)
  21. (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab. (37 925)
  22. or/16-21 (113 900)
  23. 15 not 22 (35 392)
  24. limit 23 to yr=“2004 -Current” (22 965)
  25. limit 23 to yr=“1998 -2003” (5561)
  26. limit 23 to yr=“1860–1997” (6866)

Appendix 10. Search strategy for Medline – update search conducted in 2018

Ovid MEDLINE(R) Epub ahead of print, in-process and other non-indexed citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to present

Searched: 09 April 2018

Comment: Original search strategy included OldMedline, and did not include Medline Epub Ahead of Print. OldMedline is a closed database, containing records from 1946 to 1965. Medline Epub Ahead of Print was not available at the time of the original searches, but has not been included in the standard search option for Ovid Medline.

SearchesResults
1housing/or housing for the elderly/or assisted living facilities/or public housing/or gardening/20 346
2(((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab.6 979
31 or 226 547
4accidents, home/4 386
5accidental falls/20 373
6accident prevention/ or safety/ or “hazard analysis and critical control points”/44 527
7environmental exposure/ or inhalation exposure/ or hazardous substances/81 681
8(accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab.685 123
9or/4-8792 465
10exp “Wounds and Injuries’Vec, ep, et, mo, pc [Economics, Epidemiology, Etiology, Mortality, Prevention & Control]236 534
11Hospitalization/ or Office Visits/97 949
12(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab.4 235 071
1310or11 or124 349 606
14exp animals/21 418 374
15humans/16 978 365
1614 not (14 and 15)4 440 009
173 and 93 444
1817 not 163 420
193 and 134 483
2019 not 164 407
2118 or 206 985
22exp nursing homes/36 183
23homes for the aged/12 761
24residential facilities/ or group homes/ or halfway houses/ or orphanages/ or poverty areas/12 772
25schools/ or schools, nursery/33 602
26universities/34 812
27(((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab.44 593
28or/22-27144 571
2921 not 285 873
30limit 29 to yr=“2004 -current”3 479
31limit 29 to yr=“1998-2003”897
32limit 29 to yr=“1860-1997”1 497
33limit 29 to yr=“2015 -current”917

Appendix 11. Search strategy for EMBASE – update search conducted in 2018

Embase 1988 to 2018 Week 15(Ovid)

Searched: 09 April 2018

Comment: The original search strategy searched both EmbaseClassic and Embase thorugh Ovid. However, according to the Ovid website, EmbaseClassic only indexes publications between 1947 and 1973. As we limited our search to publications from 2015 and after, we did not search EmbaseClassic.

SearchesResults
1(((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab.7 172
2*housing/ or *assisted living facility/ or home environment/ or household/ or *”construction work and architectural phenomena”/ or *architectural barrier/ or Vulnerable population/ or *poverty/28 793
31 or 235 052
4(accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab.939 308
5*electric accident/ or *electrocution/ or *explosion/ or *falling/ or home accident/ or *structure collapse/ or accident prevention/ or accident proneness/ or *falling/25 272
6home safety/ or *child safety/ or *hazard/ or *electric hazard/ or *hazard assessment/ or *health hazard/ or inhalation/ or *fire protection/15 312
7or/4-6966 341
8exp *injury/ep, et, pc, rh [epidemiology, etiology, prevention, rehabilitation]143 138
9*hospitalization/ or Consultation/34 717
10(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab.5 304 644
117 or 8 or 9 or 105 852 427
123 and 117 866
13exp animal/19 714 478
14human/16 429 310
1513 not (13 and 14)3 285 168
1612 not 157 780
17nursing home/ or nursing home patient/42 244
18home for the aged/7 494
19residential home/5415
20halfway house/569
21orphanage/805
22school/ or college/ or community college/ or high school/ or kindergarten/ or medical school/ or middle school/ or nursery school/ or primary school/ or university/312 958
23(((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab.49 209
24or/17-23383 231
2516 not 246 877
26limit 25 to embase3 074
27limit 26 to yr=“2015 -Current”889

Appendix 12. Search strategy for Cochrane Library – update search conducted in 2018

Cochrane Library

Searched: 09 April 2018

Search name:

Date run: 09/04/18 14:21:26.204

Description:

IDSearchHits
#1MeSH descriptor: [Housing] this term only283
#2MeSH descriptor: [Housing for the elderly] this term only42
#3MeSH descriptor: [Public housing] this term only61
#4MeSH descriptor: [Building codes] this term only2
#5MeSH descriptor: [Vulnerable populations] this term only258
#6MeSH descriptor: [Poverty] this term only1 268
#7MeSH descriptor: [Assisted living facilities] this term only47
#8MeSH descriptor: [Poverty areas] this term only256
#9MeSH descriptor: [Gardening] this term only27
#10(((domestic or public or private) near/2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties):ti,ab319
#11{or#1-#10}2 377
#12MeSH descriptor: [Accidents, home] this term only100
#13MeSH descriptor: [Accidental falls] this term only1 445
#14MeSH descriptor: [Accident prevention] this term only188
#15MeSH descriptor: [Safety] this term only3 307
#16MeSH descriptor: [Hazard analysis and critical control points] explode all trees0
#17MeSH descriptor: [Environmental exposure] this term only523
#18MeSH descriptor: [Inhalation exposure] this term only164
#19MeSH descriptor: [Hazardous substances] this term only26
#20(accident* or hazard* or safety):ti,ab130 779
#21MeSH descriptor: [Wounds and injuries] explode all trees and with qualifier(s): [Economics - EC, Epidemiology - EP, Etiology - ET, Mortality - MO, Prevention and control - PC]6 310
#22MeSH descriptor: [Hospitalization] this term only5 695
#23MeSH descriptor: [Office visits] this term only483
#24(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) near/2 (visit* or consult*))):ti,ab382 419
#25{or#12-#24}448 870
#26#11 and #25 publication year from 2015 to 2018129

Appendix 13. Search strategy for PsycINFO – update search conducted in 2018

PsycINFO 1806 to April Week 1 2018 (Ovid)

Searched: 09 April 2018

SearchesResults
1(((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*”)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab.3 439
2*housing/ or *assisted living/ or *retirement communities/ or architecture/ or built environment/ or *at risk populations/ or *poverty areas/ or *poverty/35 181
31 or 237 857
4(accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab.88 864
5*accidents/ or *falls/ or home accidents/ or accident prevention/ or accident proneness/ or *hazardous materials/ or *hazards/ or exp *injuries/ or *safety/32 180
6fire prevention/149
7*hospitalization/ or *hospital admission/6 534
8*professional consultation/7 341
9(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti,ab.465 229
10or/4-9538 088
113 and 105 873
12limit 11 to yr=“2015-current”879

Appendix 14. Search strategy for Global Health – update search conducted in 2018

Global Health 1973 to 2018 Week 13 (Ovid)

Searched: 09 April 2018

SearchesResults
1(((domestic or public or private) adj2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties) .ti,ab.4 269
2housing/ or dwellings/ or homes/ or public housing/ or rural housing/ or households/ or living conditions/23 833
3poverty/ or deprivation/ or economically disadvantaged/ or low income groups/14 912
4structural design/ or architecture/ or buildings/ or building construction/ or building controls/3 240
5or/1-442 362
6(accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab.155 224
7accidents/ or falls/ or accident prevention/ or electrocution/ or safety/43 107
8safety/ or electrical safety/ or home safety/35 622
9hazards/ or fire danger/ or health hazards/21 431
10injuries/ or bruising/ or heat injury/ or abrasion/ or wounds/ or electrocution/ or burns/ or fractures/ or bone fractures/ or scald/19 414
11hospital admission/ or “health care utilization”/13 406
12(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or medical officer* or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) adj2 (visit* or consult*))).ti.154 341
13or/6-12330 138
145 and 135 915
15limit 14 to yr=“2015 - current”1 959

Appendix 15. Search strategy for Web of Science – update search conducted in 2018

Web of Science (SCI/SSCI)

Searched: 09 April 2018

#81 518#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=2015-2018
#75 025#6 AND #3
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years
#62 232 003#5 OR #4
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years
#51 806 062TI=(injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or “office visit*” or ((doctor* or physician* or “medical officer*” or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) NEAR/2 (visit* or consult*)))
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=AII years
#4459 131TI=(accident* or fall or falls or safety or hazard* or exposure)
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years
#389 251#2 OR #1
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years
#276 676TS=(“assisted living” or poverty or (vulnerable NEAR (group* or population* or people)))
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years
#113 721TS=(((domestic or public or private) NEAR/2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties)
Indexes=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=all years

Appendix 16. Search strategy for CINAHL – update search conducted in 2018

CINAHL (Ebsco)

Searched: 10 April 2018

Comment: The original search strategy searched both EmbaseClassic and Embase. We only searched Embase, as Embase Classic has publications only for dates before our cut-off time.

Search ID#Search termsSearch options
S27S16 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
Search modes - find all my search terms		(124)
S26S15 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
Search modes - find all my search terms		(462)
S25S14 NOT S24Limiters - exclude MEDLINE records
Search modes - find all my search terms		(303)
S24S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23Search modes - find all my search terms(12 590)
S23(MH “hotels”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(67)
S22TI (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) N3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*) OR AB (((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) N3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(3 949)
S21(MH “schools”) OR (MH “colleges and universities+”) OR (MH “schools, elementary”) OR (MH “schools, middle”) OR (MH “schools, nursery”) OR (MH “schools, secondary”) OR (MH “schools, special”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(7 226)
S20(MH “orphans and orphanages”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(114)
S19(MH “residential facilities”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(427)
S18(MH “halfway houses”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(17)
S17(MH “nursing homes”)Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(2 295)
S16S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 19980101-20031231
Search modes - find all my search terms		(404)
S15S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 20040101-20150131
Search modes - find all my search terms		(1 728)
S14S3 and S12Limiters - published date: 20150101-20181231
Search modes - Find all my search terms		(530)
S13S3 AND S12Search modes - find all my search terms(2 910)
S12S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11Search modes - find all my search terms(1 159 206)
S11TI ((injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* or contus* or concuss* or amputat* or dislocat* or broken or ligament* or burn or burns or scald* or sprain* or cuts or electrocut* or “electric shock*” or bruis* or abrasion* or mortality or death* or morbidity or hospital* or outpatient* or out-patient* or in-patient* or inpatient* or ((doctor* or physician* or “medical officer*” or practitioner* or gp or clinician*) N2 (visit* or consult*))) OR AB ((injury or injuries or fracture* or lacerat* …Search modes - find all my search terms(1 070 978)
S10(MH “office visits”)Search modes - find all my search terms(2 997)
S9(MH “hospitalization”)Search modes - find all my search terms(16 815)
S8(MH “wounds and injuries+/EC/EP/ET/MO/PC/RF”)Search modes - find all my search terms(52 273)
S7(MH “inhalation exposure”) OR (MH “environmental exposure”) OR (MH “air pollution, indoor”)Search modes - find all my search terms(11 827)
S6(MH “safety”) OR (MH “child safety”) OR (MH “electrical safety”) OR (MH “fire safety”) OR (MH “home safety”)Search modes - find all my search terms(18 942)
S5(MH “accidental falls”) OR (MH “accidents, home”) OR (MH “accidents”)Search modes - find all my search terms(15 994)
S4TI (accident* or hazard* or safety) OR AB (accident* or hazard* or safety)Search modes - find all my search terms(125 314)
S3S1 OR S2Search modes - find all my search terms(12 017)
S2(MH “housing”) OR (MH “public housing”) OR (MH “housing for the elderly”) OR (MH “assisted living”)Search modes - find all my search terms(10 236)
S1TI (((domestic or public or private) N2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties) OR AB (((domestic or public or private) N2 (housing or house or houses or home or homes or indoor or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or residential or residence* or habitation or domicile or household*)) or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties)Search modes - find all my search terms(2 149)

Appendix 17. Search strategy for ClinicalTrials.gov – update search conducted in 2018

ClinicalTrials.gov

Searched: 09 April 2018

Comment: Searches were done separately, but results were then analysed together.

  1. (housing OR house OR home OR indoor OR household OR dwelling) AND (accident OR hazard OR safety) AND (injuries OR fractures OR lacerations OR contusions OR concussion OR amputations OR dislocation OR broken OR ligaments OR burns OR fall OR falls) – 431 hits
  2. (housing OR house OR home OR indoor OR household OR dwelling) AND (accident OR hazard OR safety) AND (scalds OR sprains OR cuts OR electrocution OR “electric shock” OR bruises OR abrasion OR mortality OR death OR morbidity) – 333 hits
  3. (housing OR house OR home OR homes OR indoor OR household OR households OR dwelling OR dwellings) AND (accident OR accidents OR accidental OR injury) – 1020 hits

Appendix 18. Search strategy for highly sensitive supplementary search – update search conducted in 2018

Ovid MEDLINE(R) Epub ahead of print, in-process and other non-indexed citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to present

Search date: 09 April 2018

Comment: Original search strategy included OldMedline, and did not include Medline Epub Ahead of Print. OldMedline is a closed database, containing records from 1946 to 1965. Medline Epub Ahead of Print was not available at the time of the original searches, but has not been included in the standard search option for Ovid Medline.

Search strategy:

SearchesResults
1housing/ or housing for the elderly/ or assisted living facilities/ or public housing/ or gardening/ or building codes/20 834
2(housing or house or houses or household* or residential or residence* or home or homes or dwelling* or accommodation or abode* or habitation or garden* or backyard* or “back yard*” or slum or slums or shanty* or shanties).ti,ab.439 386
31 or 2446 854
4accidents, home/4 386
5accidental falls/20 373
6accident prevention/ or safety/ or “hazard analysis and critical control points”/44 527
7environmental exposure/ or inhalation exposure/ or hazardous substances/81 681
8(accident* or hazard* or safety).ti,ab.685 123
9(floor*or stairs or stairway* or staircase* or step or steps or ((stair or fire or scald or door or rail) adj guard) or fireguard* or stove* or electricity or electric or socket* or “grab rail*” or “hand bar*” or handbar* or handrail* or “hand rail*” or shower or balcon* or veranda* or terrace* or portico* or window* or door or doors or doorway* or gate or gates or gateway* or (home adj2 “structur* modif*”) or ((smoke or fire or CO or carbon) adj (detector or alarm*))).ti,ab.700 688
10or/4-91468 831
11exp animals/21 418 374
12humans/16 978 365
1311 not (11 and 12)4 440 009
143 and 1052 064
1514 not 1350 123
16exp nursing homes/36 183
17homes for the aged/12 761
18group homes/ or halfway houses/ or orphanages/ or poverty areas/7 776
19schools/ or schools, nursery/33 602
20universities/34 812
21(((“old age*” or elderly or nursing or universit* or college* or school*) adj3 (shelter* or hostel* or home* or housing or residen*)) or orphanage* or hotel*).ti,ab.44 593
22or/16-21140 336
2315 not 2245 448
24limit 23 to yr=“2015 - current”11 135

Appendix 18. Studies excluded or awaiting classification

Studies excluded after full-text assessment
StudyReason for exclusion
Aras 2012Wrong exposure and outcome
Arch 2012Wrong intervention
Atak 2010Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Babul 2007No reporting of outcome of interest
Byles 2014No outcome
Cagle 2006Wrong Intervention/outcome
Chaikin 2013Wrong Intervention (multisectoral /multicomponents)
Chan 2009Wrong outcome
Chandran 2013Wrong intervention/exposure
Cheng 2014Wrong intervention/exposure
Church 2012Cost-effective study. Wrong outcome
Ciaschin 2009Wrong intervention (multisectoral /multicomponents)
Clouatre 2013Wrong intervention
Cresci 2005Is a narrative review
Cwik 2004Wrong study design. Commentary
D Souza 2008Wrong exposure/intervention
Dal Santo 2004Wrong intervention/exposure
Dam 2011Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Davis 2012Wrong exposures/interventions
De Lourdes 2007Descriptive data only for outcome of interest
Deave 2013Wrong outcomes
Deave 2014Wrong exposures/interventions
Di Guesspei 2012No outcomes
Di Monaco 2011aWrong intervention (multisectoral /multicomponents)
Di Monaco 2011bWrong intervention (multisectoral /multicomponents)
Drachler 2007Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
EI Tayeb 2014Descriptive data only. No effect estimate
Erkal 2006Wrong outcomes
Farchi 2006Wrong exposure/interventions
Finlayson 2015Descriptive data only. No effect estimate
Flores 2005Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Gielen 2004Wrong study design. Commentary
Ginnelly 2005Cost-effective study. No reporting of effect size for outcome of interest
Godson 2014Wrong study design. Narrative
Grey Micheli 2013Wrong interventions/exposure and outcomes
Haudar-Morano 2011Wrong outcomes
Head 2012Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Hendrickson 2005Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Huang 2004Wrong intervention /exposure
Hurley 2004Wrong study design. Narrative
Into 2008Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Jagnoor 2011No outcomes
Johnston 2011Wrong population (windows)
Johnston 2011Wrong population
Kamal 2013Descriptive data only. No effect estimates
Kara 2009Wrong exposure/intervention/outcome
Keall 2011Wrong exposure/interventions and outcomes
Keall 2013Wrong outcomes
Kendrick 2012Wrong study design. Protocol. Wrong outcome
Kerse 2004Wrong exposure/interventions and outcomes
Khambalia 2006Not a primary study. Systematic review. Wrong outcomes
Khan 2013Wrong outcomes
King 2012Wrong study design. Commentary
Klein 2014Wrong study design. Protocol
Klitzman 2005Wrong outcomes
Kool 2010Descriptive data only. No effect estimates
Kuhirunyaratn 2013Wrong outcomes
La Grow 2006Wrong outcomes
Lahat 2006Wrong intervention/exposure/outcome
Leclerc 2005Wrong outcomes
Lin 2007Wrong outcomes
Logan 2010Wrong intervention/exposure and outcomes
Lu 2011Focus discussion report on old people living in assisted living facilities
Lyons 2006Wrong intervention/exposure
MacDougall 2012Wrong exposure/interventions
Malta 2012Wrong intervention/exposure and outcomes
Manrique Espinoza 2010Wrong exposure/intervention/research question
Markle-Reid 2010Wrong outcome
Mashreky 2011Descriptive study. No effect estimate
Meadows Oliver 2010Is a narrative review
Mitoku 2014Wrong outcome
Mitty 2007Wrong study design. Narrative review
Morris 2004Wrong exposure/intervention and outcome
Mueller 2008Wrong outcomes and different research question
Mulvaney 2004Wrong intervention/exposure
Myers 2012Wrong exposure/interventions
Nachreiner 2007Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Nelson 2010Wrong exposure/intervention and outcome
Neslihan 2013Wrong outcomes
Olaitan 2006Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Otaka 2013Wrong study design. Review
Panczak 2013Wrong interventions/exposure
Park Lee 2013Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Parker 2013Wrong outcomes
Pearson 2010Not a primary study
Phillips 2011Wrong interventions/exposure
Phillips 2011Wrong interventions/exposure
Pighills 2011Wrong intervention /exposure
Polzien 2007Wrong study design. Commentary
Powell 2010Wrong exposure/intervention and outcome
Presseley 2009Wrong outcome
Qiu 2014Wrong intervention/exposure
Ranaweera 2013Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Randell 2008Wrong population. Wrong exposure/interventions
Raymond 2011No outcomes. Descriptive data only
Rivara 2004Wrong study design. Commentary
Robinovitch 2015Wrong study design. Commentary
Rojo 2010Wrong intervention /exposure/outcome
Rolita 2010Wrong intervention/exposure and outcomes
Rosenblatt 2013
Sach 2012
Sadeghi-Bazargan 2011
Sahiner 2011Wrong exposure /intervention
Schewebel 2009Wrong outcomes
Schlismann 2008Wrong exposure/outcome. Descriptive data only. No effect estimates
Schnitzer 2006Wrong study design. Narrative review
Scott 2010Wrong intervention/exposure
Shai 2006Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Shi 2014Wrong outcome
Shin 2005Wrong intervention
Sjosten 2007Wrong intervention/exposure
Somrongthong 2014Wrong outcomes
Sophonrotnapokin 2012Wrong outcome
Stefannaci 2012Wrong study design. Commentary
Stevens 2011Wrong exposure. Descriptive data only
Stolze 2004Wrong exposure/interventions. Wrong outcomes
Teems 2011Wrong intervention/exposure
Terchiren 2006Wrong intervention/exposure
Turner 2011Wrong study design. Evidence summary of Cochrane review
Unwin 2009Narrative review
Valenza 2007Wrong study design. Commentary
Vish 2005Descriptive data only. No effect estimates
Vladitiu 2008No outcomes
Vladitiu 2012No outcomes
Watson 2012Wrong intervention/no exposures
Webb-Henderson 2009Descriptive data. Wrong intervention/exposure
Wynn 2014Wrong study design. Protocol
Yeh 2011Wrong intervention/exposure
Zhang 2006Wrong outcomes

Articles awaiting classification

  • Rose DJ, Hall CD. Identifying risk factors for falls in older adults residing in assisted living settings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2004;36(5): S181. [Full text not obtained by 6 July 2015]
  • Cagle KM, Davis JW, Dominic W, Gonzales W. Results of a focused scald-prevention program. J Burn Care Res 2006;27(6):859–63. [Full text not obtained by 6 July 2015] [PubMed: 17091083]
  • Kerse N, Butler M, Robinson E, Todd M. Fall prevention in residential care: a cluster, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52(4):524–31. [Full text not obtained by 6 July 2015] [PubMed: 15066066]
  • Posner JC, Hawkins LA, Garcia-Espana F, Durbin DR. A randomized, clinical trial of a home safety intervention based in an emergency department setting. Pediatrics 2004;113(6):1603–8. [Full text not obtained by 6 July 2015] [PubMed: 15173480]
  • Zhou BY, Shi J, Yu PL. Consequence and risk factors of falls-related injuries in community-dwelling elderly in Beijing, Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2013;34(8):778–81. [Full text obtained but could not be translated from Chinese by 6 July 2015] [PubMed: 24423762]

Appendix 19. Characteristics of included studies

Download PDF (485K)

Appendix 20. Risk of bias assessment of included studies

Risk of bias and quality assessment for case-control studies
Study IDDid the study address an appropriate and clearly focused question?Were the cases and controls taken from comparable populations?Was the same exclusion criteria used for both cases and controls?What was the participation rate for each group?Were participants and non-participants compared to establish their similarities or differences?Were cases clearly defined and differentiated from controls?Was it clearly established that controls are not cases?Were measures taken to prevent knowledge of primary exposure influencing case ascertainment?Was exposure status measured in a standard, valid and reliable way?Were the main potential confounders identified and taken into account in the design and analysis?Are the results relevant?
Le Blanc 2006+++?++??+−+
Mashreky 2010++++−+++−−+
Taira 2011+−?−+++???+
Sadeghi Bazargan 2012++++−+−+−?+
Othman 2013+++−−++−+++
Kendrick 2015+++++++??++
Stewart 2016+++?+++?+++
Risk of bias and quality assessment for case-control studies
Study IDWas the study population clear defined?Was selection bias sufficiently accounted for?Was the exposure clearly defined and was the method appropriate?Was the outcome clear defined and was the method appropriate?Was the outcome blinded assessed? If the outcome was not blinded; did this influence the outcome?Was the follow-up sufficiently long?Was selective loss to follow-up appropriately prevented?Are the most important confounders identified and is this adequately accounted for in the design and analyses?Were the results valid and applicable? If not, the checklist could be stoppedSummary of the main results given?Are the results relevant?
Kendrick 2015+++++++??++
Stewart 2016+++?+++?+++
Kendrick 2005+?+++++++++
Pressley 2005++?−+NANA++++
Keall 2008++−?++NA−+++
Leclerc 2010+−+−−++++++
Pearce 2012+?++−++++++
Cloatre 2013++++?+NA−+++
Harvey 2013++−+++NA−+++
Istre 2014+−+++++++++
Chamania 2014+?++?−+−+++
Risk of bias assessment of randomized trials
DomainCampbell 2005Fitzharis 2010Phelan 2011Keall 2015Kamei 2015
Random sequence generation
(selection bias)		+++++
Allocation concealment
(selection bias)		++++?
Blinding of participants
(performance bias)		−−−−−
Blinding of personnel
(performance bias)		++++?
Blinding of outcome assessment
(detection bias)		??++−
Incomplete outcome data
(attrition bias)		++++−
Selective outcome reporting?
(reporting bias)		++++−
Other bias+++−+

Appendix 21. Evidence profile: Housing safety and injuries

Home safety assessment and modification programmes

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Appendix 22. Supplementary evidence from individual studies

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Appendix 23. Supplementary evidence from related systematic reviews

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