This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of: N,N-dimethylformamide, a solvent produced in high volumes and commonly used in many industrial processes; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a rubber accelerant and preservative; the rocket fuel hydrazine; the widely used fire retardant tetrabromobisphenol A; 1-bromopropane, a solvent used in dry cleaning, degreasing and adhesive resins; the seed fumigant 3-chloro-2-methylpropene; and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, a hardening agent in dental and bone adhesives.

Exposure to all seven agents considered may occur in the general population as well as in different occupational settings.

An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of environmental or occupational exposure to these agents.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• List of Participants
• PREAMBLE
• General Remarks
• 1-BROMOPROPANE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 3-CHLORO-2-METHYLPROPENE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Aircraft repair
    • 2.2. Leather workers
    • 2.3. Chemical manufacturing
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• N,N-DIMETHYL-p-TOLUIDINE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• HYDRAZINE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
    • 3.3. Hamster
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Cancer susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
    • 3.3. Co-carcinogenicity
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility to cancer
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• List of abbreviations
• Annex 1. Supplemental Material for Toxcast/Tox21

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 2–9 February 2016

Lyon, France - 2018

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

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