FIGURE 3-16. Theoretical steps involved in male reproductive toxicity following phthalate exposure during the in utero male programming window.

FIGURE 3-16Theoretical steps involved in male reproductive toxicity following phthalate exposure during the in utero male programming window

*Suppressed maturation of the gubernacular cords contributes to incidence of cryptorchidism (undescended testes) due to role of gubernacular cords in transabdominal descent of the testes. **Undescended testes may contribute to incidence of testicular cancer. NOTE: AR, androgen receptor; INSL3, testis insulin-like 3 (INSL-3); PPAR, peroxisome proliferator active receptor; T, testosterone.

SOURCE: Howdeshell et al. (2015). Reprinted with permission; copyright 2015, Toxicological Sciences.

From: 3, Phthalates and Male Reproductive-Tract Development

Cover of Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals
Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jul 18.
Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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