U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Deckers J. Animal (De)liberation: Should the Consumption of Animal Products Be Banned? London: Ubiquity Press; 2016.

Cover of Animal (De)liberation: Should the Consumption of Animal Products Be Banned?

Animal (De)liberation: Should the Consumption of Animal Products Be Banned?

Show details

References

  1. Aarestrup F, Agerso Y, Gerner-Smidt P, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000;37:127–137. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0732-8893(00)00130-9. [PubMed: 10863107]
  2. Abelow B, Holford T, Insogna K. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcified Tissue International. 1992;50:14–18. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297291. [PubMed: 1739864]
  3. Adams C. The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory. New York: Continuum; 1990.
  4. Adams C. Living among meat eaters: The vegetarian’s survival handbook. New York: Lantern Books; 2008.
  5. Afjal Hossain M, Imran Reza M, Rahman S, et al. Climate change and its impacts on the livelihoods of the vulnerable people in the southwestern coastal zone in Bangladesh. In: Filho W Leal, editor. Climate Change and the Sustainable Use of Water Resources. Berlin: Springer; 2012. pp. 237–259. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-3-642-22266-5_15.
  6. Aflitto N, DeGomez T. Sonic Pest Repellents. 2014. [Accessed 20 September 2015]. http://arizona​.openrepository​.com/arizona​/bitstream/10150/333139/1/AZ1639-2014​.pdf.
  7. Agostoni C, Turck D. Is cow’s milk harmful to a child’s health? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2011;53:594–600. [PubMed: 21921812]
  8. Aiello A, King N, Foxman B. Ethical conflicts in public health research and practice. Antimicrobial resistance and the ethics of drug development. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96:1910–1914. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2105/AJPH.2005.077214. [PubMed: 17018817]
  9. Aiking H, De Boer J, Verreijken J, editors. Sustainable protein production and consumption: Pigs or peas? Dordrecht: Springer; 2006. Environment and Policy. Volume 45. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4842-4.
  10. Aldoori W, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, et al. A prospective study of diet and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1994;60:757–764. [PubMed: 7942584]
  11. Aldrich S, Walker R, Simmons C, et al. Contentious land change in the Amazon’s arc of deforestation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 2012;102:103–128. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/00045608.2011.620501.
  12. Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome: FAO; 2012.
  13. Ali A, Cheng K. Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls. Poultry science. 1985;64:789–794. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640789.
  14. Allen C. Fish cognition and consciousness. Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics. 2013;26:25–39. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-011-9364-9.
  15. Allen N, Appleby P, Davey G, et al. The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2002;11:1441–1448.
  16. Allen N, Key T, Appleby P, et al. Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. British Journal of Cancer. 2008;98:1574–1581. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604331. [PubMed: 18382426]
  17. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1997;97:1317–1321. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0002-8223(97)00314-3. [PubMed: 9366873]
  18. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009;109:1266–1282. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027. [PubMed: 19562864]
  19. Anand P, Kunnumakkara A, Sundaram C, et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes, Pharmaceutical research. 2008;25:2097–2116. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11095-008-9690-4, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11095-008-9661-9. [PubMed: 18626751]
  20. Anil A, Whittington P, McKinstry J. The effect of the sticking method on the welfare of slaughter pigs. Meat Science. 2000;55:315–319. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0309-1740(99)00159-X. [PubMed: 22061289]
  21. Animals Deserve Absolute Protection Today and Tomorrow. More than 150 billion animals slaughtered every year. 2012. [Accessed 31 July 2012]. http://www​.adaptt.org/killcounter.html.
  22. Anomaly J. Harm to others: The social costs of antibiotics in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2009;22:423–435. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-009-9160-y.
  23. Anomaly J. Combating resistance: The case for a global antibiotics treaty. Public Health Ethics. 2010;3:13–22. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phq001.
  24. Anthony R, Gjerris M, Röcklingsberg H. Fish welfare, environment and food security: a pragmatist virtue ethics approach. In: Röcklingsberg H, Sandin P, editors. The ethics of consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2013. pp. 257–262. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3920/978-90-8686-784-4_41.
  25. Appleby M, Walker A, Nicol C, et al. Development of furnished cages for laying hens. British Poultry Science. 2002;43:489–500. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/0007166022000004390.
  26. Appleby P, Davey G, Key T. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutrition. 2002;5:645–654. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002332. [PubMed: 12372158]
  27. Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N, et al. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61:1400–1406. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659. [PubMed: 17299475]
  28. Armand-Lefevre L, Ruimy R, Andremont A. Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human controls, and pigs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;11:711–714. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3201/eid1105.040866. [PubMed: 15890125]
  29. Aston L, Smith J, Powles J. Impact of a reduced red and processed meat dietary pattern on disease risks and greenhouse gas emissions in the UK: a modelling study. BMJ open. 2012;2(5) DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/bmjopen-2012-001072.
  30. Atkinson S, Velarde A, Llonch P, et al. Assessing pig welfare at stunning in Swedish commercial abattoirs using CO2 group-stun methods. Animal Welfare. 2012;21:487–495. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.7120/09627286.21.4.487.
  31. Audsley E, Angus A, Chatterton J, et al. Food, land and greenhouse gases. The effect of changes in UK food consumption on land requirements and greenhouse gas emissions. A report prepared for the United Kingdom’s Committee on Climate Change. Cranfield: Cranfield University; 2011. Revised report.
  32. Balaban P, Maksimova O. Positive and negative brain zones in the snail. European Journal of Neuroscience. 1993;5:768–774. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00541.x. [PubMed: 8261146]
  33. Baluška F, Mancuso S. Deep evolutionary origins of neurobiology: Turning the essence of ‘neural’ upside-down. Communicative and Integrative Biology. 2009;2:60–65. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4161/cib.2.1.7620. [PubMed: 19513267]
  34. Baluška F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D, et al. The ‘root-brain’ hypothesis of Charles and Francis Darwin: Revival after more than 125 years. Plant Signalling and Behavior. 2009;4:14–20. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.12.10574.
  35. Bankowski Z. Law, love and legality. International Journal of the Semiotics of Law. 2001;14:199–213. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1023/A:1011205710567.
  36. Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Cheung R, et al. Abnormal T-cell reactivities in childhood inflammatory demyelinating disease and type 1 diabetes. Annals of neurology. 2008;63:98–111. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21244. [PubMed: 17932975]
  37. Barnard N, Cohen J, Jenkins D, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardio-vascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777–1783. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0606. [PubMed: 16873779]
  38. Barnard N, Cohen J, Jenkins D, et al. A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89S:1588S–1596S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H.
  39. Baroni L, Cenci L, Tettamanti M, et al. Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61:279–286. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. [PubMed: 17035955]
  40. Barr S, Laming P, Dick J, et al. Nociception or pain in a decapod crustacean? Animal Behaviour. 2008;75:745–751. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.004.
  41. Barzel U, Massey L. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. Journal of Nutrition. 1998;128:1051–1053. [PubMed: 9614169]
  42. Basurko O, Gabiña G, Uriondo Z. Energy performance of fishing vessels and potential savings. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;54:30–40. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.024.
  43. Bates J, Jordens J, Griffiths D. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1994;34:507–514. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/jac/34.4.507. [PubMed: 7868403]
  44. Bateson M, Desire S, Gartside S, et al. Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic cognitive biases. Current Biology. 2011;21:1070–1073. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.cub.2011.05.017. [PubMed: 21636277]
  45. Behari M, Srivastava A, Das R, et al. Risk factors of Parkinson’s disease in Indian patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001;190:49–55. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0022-510X(01)00578-0. [PubMed: 11574106]
  46. Bekoff M, Sherman P. Reflections on animal selves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2004;19:176–180. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.tree.2003.12.010. [PubMed: 16701251]
  47. Bell D. Does anthropogenic climate change violate human rights? Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 2011;14:99–124. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/13698230.2011.529703.
  48. Bell D, Thompson N, Deckers J, et al. Deliberating the environment. Scientists and the socially excluded in dialogue. Newcastle University: Centre for Rural Economy; 2005.
  49. Belshe R. The origins of pandemic influenza—lessons from the 1918 virus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353:2209–2211. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp058281. [PubMed: 16306515]
  50. Benzie I, Wachtel-Galor S. Vegetarian diets and public health: biomarker and redox connections. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2010;13:1575–1591. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2009.3024. [PubMed: 20222825]
  51. Bergqvist J, Gunnarson S. Finfish aquaculture: Animal welfare, the environment, and ethical implications. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2013;26:75–99. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-011-9346-y.
  52. Bermúdez J. Thinking without words. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159691.001.0001.
  53. Berndsen M, van der Pligt J. Risks of meat: the relative impact of cognitive, affective and moral concerns. Appetite. 2005;44:195–205. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.appet.2004.10.003. [PubMed: 15808894]
  54. Berners-Lee M, Hoolohan C, Cammack H, et al. The relative green-house gas impacts of realistic dietary choices. Energy Policy. 2012;43:184–190. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.054.
  55. Bernstein A, Sun Q, Hu F, et al. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 2010;122:876–883. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.915165. [PubMed: 20713902]
  56. Birch C, Cobb J. The liberation of life. From the cell to the community. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984.
  57. Bonten M, Willems R, Weinstein R. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Why are they here, and where do they come from? Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2001:314–325. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S1473-3099(01)00145-1. [PubMed: 11871804]
  58. Booth S, Tucker K, Chen H, et al. Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:1201–1208. [PubMed: 10799384]
  59. Bouillon R, Verlinden L. Does a better vitamin D status help to reduce cardiovascular risks and events? Endocrine. 2014;47:662–663. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s12020-014-0429-1. [PubMed: 25257239]
  60. Braithwaite V. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. Do fish feel pain.
  61. Brambell R. Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1965.
  62. Brennan A. Humanism, racism, and speciesism. Worldviews. Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology. 2003;7:274–302. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853503322709146.
  63. Broom D. Effects of handling and transport on laying hens. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 1990;46:48–50. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/WPS19900009.
  64. Bryman A. Social research methods. Third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
  65. Buchmann S, Nabhan G. The pollination crisis. The Sciences. 1996;36:22–27. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/j.2326-1951.1996.tb03254.x.
  66. Burckhardt P. The negative effect of a high-protein—low-calcium diet. In: Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Weaver C, editors. Nutritional influences on bone health. London: Springer; 2013. pp. 125–131. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-4471-2769-7_12, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-4471-2769-7.
  67. Burckhardt P. Vitamin A and bone health. In: Holick M, Nieves J, editors. Nutrition and bone health. New York: Springer; 2015. pp. 409–421. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_26.
  68. Burkholder J, Glasgow H. History of toxic Pfiesteria in North Carolina estuaries from 1991 to the present. BioScience. 2001;51:827–841. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0827:HOTPIN]2​.0.CO;2.
  69. Burkholder J, Libra B, Weyer P, et al. Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115:308–312. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8839. [PubMed: 17384784]
  70. Calvez J, Poupin N, Chesneau C, et al. Protein intake, calcium balance and health consequences. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;66:281–295. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.196. [PubMed: 22127335]
  71. Campbell A, Matthews S. Lactose intolerance. In: Lammert E, Zeeb M, editors. Metabolism of human diseases. Organ physiology and pathophysiology. Vienna: Springer; 2014. pp. 143–148. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-3-7091-0715-7_23.
  72. Caney S. Human rights, climate change, and discounting. Environmental Politics. 2008;17:536–555. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/09644010802193401.
  73. Carey J, Fulweiler R. Human appropriation of biogenic silicon–the increasing role of agriculture. Functional Ecology. 2015. On-line first. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/1365-2435.12544.
  74. Carlsson-Kanyama A, González A. Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89S:1704S–1709S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736AA.
  75. Carmody R, Wrangham R. The energetic significance of cooking. Journal of Human Evolution. 2009;57:379–391. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011. [PubMed: 19732938]
  76. Carruthers P. The animal issue: Moral theory in practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/CBO9780511597961.
  77. Catton W. Overshoot: the ecological basis of revolutionary change. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press; 1980.
  78. Catts O, Zurr I. Disembodied livestock: The promise of a semi-living Utopia. Parallax. 2013;19:101–113. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/13534645.2013.752062.
  79. Chan J, Gann P, Giovannucci E. Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:8152–8160. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1200/JCO.2005.03.1492. [PubMed: 16278466]
  80. Chandroo K, Duncan I, Moccia R. Can fish suffer?: Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2004;86:225–250. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.applanim.2004.02.004.
  81. Charles N, Kerr M. Women, food, and families. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1988.
  82. Chen B, Ho C, Huang N. Threats from farmed animals to food and human security. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;18:549–551. [PubMed: 19965347]
  83. Chen D, Abler D. Demand growth for animal products in the BRIIC Countries. Agribusiness. 2014;30:85–97. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/agr.21368.
  84. Childs C, Romeu-Nadal M, Burdge G, et al. Gender differences in the n-3 fatty acid content of tissues. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2008;67:19–27. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0029665108005983. [PubMed: 18234128]
  85. Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J. Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa? AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2000;16:5–8. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1089/088922200309548. [PubMed: 10628811]
  86. Chiu C, Wu T, Su L, et al. The emergence in Taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346:413–419. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012261. [PubMed: 11832529]
  87. Christman J. The Gilgamesh complex: The quest for death transcendence and the killing of animals. Society and Animals. 2008;16:297–315. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853008X357649.
  88. Christophersen O, Haug A. Animal products, diseases and drugs: a plea for better integration between agricultural sciences, human nutrition and human pharmacology. Lipids In Health and Disease. 2011;10:16. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1476-511X-10-16. [PubMed: 21247506]
  89. Clements K. Why vegan. The ethics of eating and the need for change. Second edition. London: Heretic Books; 1995.
  90. Climate Change Act 2008, Chapter 27. London: The Stationery Office Limited;
  91. Cochrane A. Do animals have an interest in liberty? Political Studies. 2009;57:660–679. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00742.x.
  92. Cochrane A. Animal rights without liberation. Applied ethics and human obligations. New York: Columbia University Press; 2012.
  93. Cochrane A. From human rights to sentient rights. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 2013;16:655–675. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/13698230.2012.691235.
  94. Cole D, Cole R, Gaydos S, et al. Aquaculture: Environmental, toxicological, and health issues. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2009;212:369–377. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ijheh.2008.08.003. [PubMed: 18790671]
  95. Cole M, Morgan K. Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers. British Journal of Sociology. 2011;62:134–153. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01348.x. [PubMed: 21361905]
  96. Compassion in World Farming. Global Warning: Climate change and farmed animals’ welfare. Godalming: Compassion in World Farming; 2007.
  97. Comstock G. Vexing nature? On the ethical case against agricultural biotechnology. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2000.
  98. Cooper R, Fehily A, Pickering J, et al. Honey, health and longevity. Current aging science. 2010;3:239–241. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2174/1874609811003030239. [PubMed: 20735343]
  99. Cordain L, Miller J, Eaton S, et al. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:682–692. [PubMed: 10702160]
  100. Cordell D, Drangert J, White S. The story of phosphorus. Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change. 2009;19:292–305. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009.
  101. Cottingham J. Partiality, favouritism and morality. The Philosophical Quarterly. 1986;36:357–373. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2307/2220190.
  102. Council Directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens. Official Journal of the European Union. L 203/53:53–57.
  103. Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007 laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Official Journal of the European Union. L 182/19:19–28.
  104. Council Directive 2008/120/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Official Journal of the European Union. L 47/5:5–13.
  105. Council Directive 2010/63/EU of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union. L 276/33:33–79.
  106. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Animal agriculture and global food supply. Task Force Report No. 135. Ames: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology; 1999.
  107. Craig W. Health effects of vegan diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89S:1627S–1633S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N.
  108. Crary A. A brilliant perspective: Diamondian ethics. Philosophical Investigations. 2011;34:331–352. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1467-9205.2011.01454.x.
  109. Crawford M, Wang Y, Lehane C, et al. Fatty-acid ratios in free-living and domestic animals. In: De Meester F, Zibadi S, Watson R, editors. Modern dietary fat intakes in disease promotion. New York: Humana Press; 2010. pp. 95–108. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-60327-571-2_6.
  110. Crook R, Walters E. Nociceptive behavior and physiology of molluscs: animal welfare implications. ILAR Journal. 2011;52:185–195. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.2.185. [PubMed: 21709311]
  111. Crowe F, Key T, Allen N, et al. The association between diet and serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009;18:1333–1340. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0781.
  112. Crowe F, Steur M, Allen N, et al. Plasma concentrations of 25hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC—Oxford study. Public Health Nutrition. 2010;14:340–346. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1368980010002454. [PubMed: 20854716]
  113. Crowe F, Appleby P, Allen N, et al. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. British Medical Journal. 2011;343:d4131. [PubMed: 21771850]
  114. Crowe F, Appleby P, Travis R, et al. Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013;97:597–603. [PubMed: 23364007]
  115. Dahl-Jørgensen K, Joner G, Hanssen K. Relationship between cows’ milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:1081–1083. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2337/diacare.14.11.1081. [PubMed: 1797491]
  116. Daniels N. Wide reflective equilibrium and theory acceptance in ethics. Journal of Philosophy. 1979;76:256–282. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2307/2025881.
  117. Darlington D. Growing sustainability. Chorlton: Vegan-organic Network; 2010.
  118. Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray; 1859.
  119. Darwin C. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. London: John Murray; 1881. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5962/bhl.title.107559.
  120. Darwin C, Darwin F. The power of movement in plants. London: John Murray; 1880. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5962/bhl.title.102319.
  121. Daszak P, Plowright R, Epstein J, et al. The emergence of Nipah and Hendra virus: pathogen dynamics across a wildlife-livestock-human continuum. In: Collinge S, Ray C, editors. Disease ecology: community structure and pathogen dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 186–201. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567080.003.0013.
  122. Davey G, Spencer E, Appleby P, et al. EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutrition. 2003;6:259–268. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002430. [PubMed: 12740075]
  123. Davis B, Kris-Etherton P. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78S:640S–646S.
  124. Davis B, Melina V. Summertown: Book Publishing Company; 2014. Becoming vegan. Comprehensive edition. The complete reference to plant-based nutrition.
  125. Davis J, Sonesson U, Baumgartner D, et al. Environmental impact of four meals with different protein sources: Case studies in Spain and Sweden. Food Research International. 2010;43:1874–1884. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.foodres.2009.08.017.
  126. Davis S. The least harm principle may require that humans consume a diet containing large herbivores, not a vegan diet. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2003;16:387–394. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1023/A:1025638030686.
  127. Davis S. What would the world be like without animals for food, fiber, and labor? Are we morally obligated to do without them? Poultry Science. 2008;87:392–394. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00401.
  128. de Lau L, Breteler M. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurology. 2006;5:525–535. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9. [PubMed: 16713924]
  129. De Schutter O. The right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and the right to food: from conflict to complementarity. Human Rights Quarterly. 2011;33:304–350. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2011.0020.
  130. de Visser C, Schreuder R, Stoddard F. The EU’s dependency on soya bean import for the animal feed industry and potential for EU produced alternatives. OCL. 2014;21:D407. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2014021.
  131. DeAngelo B, De la Chesnaye F, Beach R, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide mitigation in agriculture. Energy Journal. 2006;(Special issue 3):89–108.
  132. Dechet A, Scallan E, Gensheimer K, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern United States, 2003-2004. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006;42:747–752. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1086/500320. [PubMed: 16477547]
  133. Deckers J. Why current UK legislation on embryo research is immoral. How the argument from lack of qualities and the argument from potentiality have been applied and why they should be rejected. Bioethics. 2005a;19:251–271. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00440.x. [PubMed: 16167404]
  134. Deckers J. Are scientists right and non-scientists wrong? Reflections on discussions of GM. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2005b;18:451–478. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-005-0902-1.
  135. Deckers J. Are those who subscribe to the view that early embryos are persons irrational and inconsistent? A reply to Brock. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2007;33:102–106. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/jme.2006.016311. [PubMed: 17264198]
  136. Deckers J. Vegetarianism, sentimental or ethical? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2009;22:573–597. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-009-9176-3.
  137. Deckers J. What policy should be adopted to curtail the negative global health impacts associated with the consumption of farmed animal products? Res Publica. 2010;16:57–72. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11158-010-9117-z, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11158-010-9128-9.
  138. Deckers J. Negative ‘GHIs’, the right to health protection, and future generations. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2011a;8:165–176. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11673-011-9295-1.
  139. Deckers J. Could some people be wronged by contracting swine flu? A case discussion on the links between the farmed animals’ sector and human disease. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2011b;37:354–356. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/jme.2010.040089. [PubMed: 21292701]
  140. Deckers J. Does the consumption of farmed animal products cause human hunger? Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition. 2011c;6:353–377. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/19320248.2011.597836.
  141. Deckers J. Should Whiteheadians be vegetarians? A critical analysis of the thoughts of Hartshorne and Dombrowski. Journal of Animal Ethics. 2011d;1:195–209. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5406/janimalethics.1.2.0195.
  142. Deckers J. Should Whiteheadians be vegetarians? A Critical Analysis of the Thoughts of Whitehead, Birch, Cobb, and McDaniel. Journal of Animal Ethics. 2011e;1:80–92. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5406/janimalethics.1.1.0080.
  143. Deckers J. Obesity, public health, and the consumption of animal products. Ethical concerns and political solutions. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2013a;10:29–38. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11673-012-9411-x. [PubMed: 23288438]
  144. Deckers J. In defence of the vegan project. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2013b;10:187–195. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11673-013-9428-9. [PubMed: 23515957]
  145. DeGrazia D. Taking animals seriously: Mental life and moral status. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/CBO9781139172967.
  146. DeLeeuw J, Galen L, Aebersold C, et al. Support for animal rights as a function of belief in evolution, religious fundamentalism, and religious denomination. Society and Animals. 2007;15:353–363. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853007X235528.
  147. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. Securing a clean energy future. The Australian Government’s climate change plan. Canberra: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency; 2011.
  148. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. The carbon farming initiative handbook. Canberra: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency; 2012.
  149. Devendra C. Small farm systems to feed hungry Asia. Outlook on Agriculture. 2007;36:7–20. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5367/000000007780223641.
  150. Dewell A, Weidner G, Sumner M, et al. A very low-fat vegan diet increases intake of protective dietary factors and decreases intake of pathogenic dietary factors. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008;108:347–356. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jada.2007.10.044. [PubMed: 18237581]
  151. Diamond C. Eating meat and eating people. Philosophy. 1978;53:465–479. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0031819100026334.
  152. Diamond C. The importance of being human. In: Cockburn D, editor. Human Beings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991. pp. 35–59. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/CBO9780511752186.003.
  153. Dietz T, Rosa E, York R. Environmentally efficient well-being: rethinking sustainability as the relationship between human well-being and environmental impacts. Human Ecology Review. 2009;16:114–123.
  154. Dillard J. Slaughterhouse nightmare: Psychological harm suffered by slaughterhouse employees and the possibility of redress through legal reform. Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy. 2008;15:391–408.
  155. Dohoo I, DesCoteaux L, Leslie K, et al. A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin: 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2003;67:252. [PubMed: 14620861]
  156. Dombrowski D. Hartshorne and the metaphysics of animal rights. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1988.
  157. Dombrowski D. Is the argument from marginal cases obtuse? Journal of Applied Philosophy. 2006;23:223–232. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00334.x. [PubMed: 17036431]
  158. Donaldson M. Metabolic vitamin B-12 status on a mostly raw vegan diet with follow-up using tablets, nutritional yeast, or probiotic supplements. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2000;44:229–234. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000046689. [PubMed: 11146329]
  159. Douglas I. Climate change, flooding and food security in south Asia. Food Security. 2009;1:127–136. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s12571-009-0015-1.
  160. Duffy G, Moriarty E. Cryptosporidium and its potential as a food-borne pathogen. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2003;4:95–107. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/AHR200357. [PubMed: 15134293]
  161. Dwyer J. How to connect bioethics and environmental ethics: Health, sustainability, and justice. Bioethics. 2009;23:497–502. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01759.x. [PubMed: 19788647]
  162. Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Feldman H, et al. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007;297:2092–2102. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jama.297.19.2092. [PubMed: 17507345]
  163. Ehrlich P, Ehrlich A. The population explosion: why we should care and what we should do about it. Environmental Law. 1997;27:1187–1208.
  164. Eisner T, Camazine S. Spider leg autotomy induced by prey venom injection: An adaptive response to “pain”? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1983;80:3382–3385. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.80.11.3382.
  165. Elferink E, Nonhebel S. Variations in land requirements for meat production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2007;15:1778–1786. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jclepro.2006.04.003.
  166. Elferink E, Nonhebel S, Schoot Uiterkamp A. Does the Amazon suffer from BSE prevention? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2007;120:467–469. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.agee.2006.09.009.
  167. Elwood R, Barr S, Patterson L. Pain and stress in crustaceans? Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2009;118:128–136. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.018.
  168. Emhan A, Yildiz A, Yasin B, et al. Psychological symptom profile of butchers working in slaughterhouse and retail meat packing business: A comparative study. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi. 2012;18:319–322.
  169. Engler M, Defoor P, King C, et al. The impact of bovine respiratory disease: the current feedlot experience. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2014;15:126–129. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1466252314000139. [PubMed: 25351251]
  170. Escalera-Zamudio M, Cobián-Güemes G, de los Dolores Soto-del Río M, et al. Characterization of an influenza A virus in Mexican swine that is related to the A/H1N1/2009 pandemic clade. Virology. 2012;433:176–182. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.virol.2012.08.003. [PubMed: 22921315]
  171. Eshel G, Martin P. Diet, energy, and global warming. Earth Interactions. 2006;10:1–17. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1175/EI167.1.
  172. Eshel G, Martin P. Geophysics and nutritional science: Toward a novel, unified paradigm. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89S:1710S–1716S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736BB.
  173. European Commission. Limiting global climate change to 2 degrees Celsius—The way ahead for 2020 and beyond. 2007. [Accessed 26 August 2010]. 2007. Available at: http://eur-lex​.europa​.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ​.do?uri=CELEX:52007DC0002:EN:NOT.
  174. European Commission. Food: from farm to fork statistics. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2011.
  175. European Commission. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2012. The Common Agricultural Policy. A partnership between Europe and farmers.
  176. European Commission. Myths and facts. 2015. [Accessed 15 February 2016]. http://ec​.europa.eu/budget​/explained/myths/myths_en​.cfm#9of15.
  177. Fairlie S. Meat: A Benign Extravagance. East Meon: Permanent Publications; 2010.
  178. Farm Animal Welfare Council. Farm animal welfare in Great Britain: Past, present and future. London: Farm Animal Welfare Council; 2009. [Accessed 15 January 2015]. https://www​.gov.uk/government​/publications​/fawc-report-on-farm-animal-welfare-in-great-britain-past-present-and-future.
  179. Farouk M, Al-Mazeedi H, Sabow A, et al. Halal and Kosher slaughter methods and meat quality: A review. Meat Science. 2014;98:505–519. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.021. [PubMed: 24973207]
  180. Ferber D. Livestock feed ban preserves drug’s power. Science. 2002;295:27–28. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.295.5552.27a. [PubMed: 11778017]
  181. Fernandez-Duque E, Valeggia C, Maldonado H. Multitrial inhibitory avoidance learning in the crab Chasmagnathus. Behavioral and neural biology. 1992;57:189–197. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0163-1047(92)90136-R. [PubMed: 1616454]
  182. Feskanich D, Weber P, Willett W, et al. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69:74–79. [PubMed: 9925126]
  183. Feskanich D, Willett W, Colditz G. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;77:504–511. [PubMed: 12540414]
  184. Fessler D, Navarrete C. Meat is good to taboo: Dietary proscriptions as a product of the interaction of psychological mechanisms and social processes. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 2003;3:1–40. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853703321598563.
  185. Fetissenko M. Beyond morality. Developing a new rhetorical strategy for the animal rights movement. Journal of Animal Ethics. 2011;1:150–175. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5406/janimalethics.1.2.0150.
  186. Fey P, Safranek T, Rupp M, et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;42:1242–1249. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1056/NEJM200004273421703.
  187. Fieldhouse P. Food and nutrition: Customs and culture. London: Croom Helm; 1986.
  188. Finks S, Airee A, Chow S, et al. Key articles of dietary interventions that influence cardiovascular mortality. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2012;32:e54–e87. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/j.1875-9114.2011.01087.x.
  189. Finley C, Barlow C, Halton T, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the cooper center longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2010;110:1820–1829. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jada.2010.09.016. [PubMed: 21111092]
  190. Fitzgerald A. A social history of the slaughterhouse: From inception to contemporary implications. Human Ecology Review. 2010;17:58–69.
  191. Foley J, Ramankutty N, Brauman K, et al. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature. 2011;478:337–342. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nature10452. [PubMed: 21993620]
  192. Fontana L, Klein S, Holloszy J. Long-term low-protein, low-calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84:1456–1462. [PubMed: 17158430]
  193. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. What is agrobiodiversity? Rome: FAO; 2004. [Accessed 10 May 2016]. http://www​.fao.org/docrep​/007/y5609e/y5609e02.htm.
  194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT online statistical service. Rome: FAO; 2014. [Accessed 6 January 2015]. http://faostat​.fao.org/
  195. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division. 2015. [Accessed 6 January 2015]. http://faostat3​.fao.org/home/E.
  196. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, United Nations University. Human energy requirements. Report of a joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Expert Consultation. Rome: FAO; 2001.
  197. Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, et al., editors. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 129–234.
  198. Fox N, Ward K. Health, ethics and environment: A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite. 2008;50:422–429. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007. [PubMed: 17980457]
  199. Francione G. Animals as persons: Essays on the abolition of animal exploitation. New York: Columbia University Press; 2008.
  200. Francione G. The abolition of animal exploitation. In: Francione G, Garner R, editors. The animal rights debate: Abolition or regulation? New York: Columbia University Press; 2010a. pp. 1–102.
  201. Francione G. Animal welfare and the moral value of nonhuman animals. Law, Culture and the Humanities. 2010b;6:24–36. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/1743872109348989.
  202. Franklin A. Animals & modern cultures: A sociology of human-animal relations in modernity. London: Sage; 1999.
  203. Fredeen A. Use of rbST and implications for cow health in the dairy industry. In: Morris T, Keilty M, editors. Alternative health practices for livestock. Iowa: Blackwell; 2006. pp. 164–170. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/9780470384978.ch12.
  204. Friedrich B. Effective advocacy. Stealing from the corporate playbook. In: Singer P, editor. In defense of animals: The second wave. Malden: Blackwell; 2006. pp. 187–195.
  205. Fung T, Schulze M, Manson J, et al. Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164:2235–2240. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archinte.164.20.2235. [PubMed: 15534160]
  206. Fung T, van Dam R, Hankinson S, et al. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;153:289–298. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003. [PubMed: 20820038]
  207. Fürst M, McMahon D, Osborne J, et al. Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators. Nature. 2014;506:364–366. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nature12977. [PubMed: 24553241]
  208. Ganmaa D, Sato A. The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers. Medical Hypotheses. 2005;65:1028–1037. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.026. [PubMed: 16125328]
  209. Garcia-Graells C, Antoine J, Larsen J, et al. Livestock veterinarians at high risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Epidemiology and infection. 2012;140:383–389. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0950268811002263. [PubMed: 22082716]
  210. Garcia-Migura L, Pleydell E, Barnes S, et al. Characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from broiler poulty and pig farms in England and Wales. Clinical Microbiology. 2005;43:3283–3289. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1128/JCM.43.7.3283-3289.2005.
  211. Gardiner S. The real tragedy of the commons. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 2001;30:387–416. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1088-4963.2001.00387.x. [PubMed: 12653120]
  212. Garnett T. Cooking up a storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate. University of Surrey: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy; 2008.
  213. Garnett T. Livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions: Impacts and options for policy makers. Environmental Science and Policy. 2009;12:491–503. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.envsci.2009.01.006.
  214. Gear J, Fursdon P, Nolan D, et al. Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fiber. Lancet. 1979;313:511–514. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(79)90942-5.
  215. Geppert J, Kraft V, Demmelmair H, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a randomized trial. Lipids. 2005;40:807–814. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11745-005-1442-9. [PubMed: 16296399]
  216. Gerbens-Leenes P, Nonhebel S, Ivens W. A method to determine land requirements relating to food consumption patterns. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2002;90:47–58. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0167-8809(01)00169-4.
  217. Gerber P, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, et al. Rome: FAO; Tackling climate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. 2013
  218. Gibbs H, Ruesch A, Achard F, et al. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107:16732–16737. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.0910275107.
  219. Gilbert M, Bos M, Duim B, et al. Livestock-associated MRSA ST398 carriage in pig slaughterhouse workers related to quantitative environmental exposure. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012;69:472–478. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/oemed-2011-100069. [PubMed: 22544853]
  220. Gill M, Smith P, Wilkinson J. Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic livestock. Animal. 2010;4:323–333. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1751731109004662. [PubMed: 22443938]
  221. Giovanni G. A diet for dopaminergic neurons?. Birth, life and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. 2009;73:317–331.
  222. Gjerris M, Gamborg C, Röcklingsberg H. The price of responsibility: Ethics of animal husbandry in a time of climate change. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2011;24:331–350. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-010-9270-6.
  223. Global Environmental Change and Human Health. Science plan and implementation strategy. Earth system science partnership (DIVERSITAS, IGBP, IHDP, and WCRP) report no.4; Global environmental change and human health report no.1. 2007. [Accessed 26 December 2012]. http://www​.gechh.unu​.edu/FINAL_GECHH_SP_UPDATED.pdf.
  224. Goldburg R, Naylor R. Future seascapes, fishing, and fish farming. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2005;3:21–28. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0021:FSFAFF]2​.0.CO;2.
  225. González A, Frostell B, Carlsson-Kanyama A. Protein efficiency per unit energy and per unit greenhouse gas emissions: Potential contribution of diet choices to climate change mitigation. Food Policy. 2011;36:562–570. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.foodpol.2011.07.003.
  226. Gonzalez C, Riboli E. Diet and cancer prevention: where we are, where we are going. Nutrition and cancer. 2006;56:225–231. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1207/s15327914nc5602_14. [PubMed: 17474869]
  227. Goodland R. Environmental sustainability in agriculture: Diet matters. Ecological Economics. 1997;23:189–200. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0921-8009(97)00579-X.
  228. Goodland R, Pimentel D. Sustainability and integrity in the agriculture sector. In: Pimentel D, Westra L, Noss R, editors. Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation and health. Washington DC: Island Press; 2000. pp. 121–137.
  229. Goodland R, Anhang J. Livestock and climate change. What if the key actors in climate change are … cows, pigs, and chickens? WorldWatch. 2009 November/December;:10–19.
  230. Goodland R, Anhang J. Comment to the editor. Livestock and greenhouse gas emissions. The importance of getting the numbers right, by Herrero et al. [Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.166-167, 779-782] Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2012;172:252–256. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.028.
  231. Gorringe T. Rise Peter! Kill and eat: A response to John Barclay. The Expository Times. 2011;123:63–69. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0014524611418576.
  232. Goulson D. Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 2003;34:1–26. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132355.
  233. Goulson D, Sparrow K. Evidence for competition between honeybees and bumblebees; effects on bumblebee worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009;13:177–181. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10841-008-9140-y.
  234. Grace D. Zoonoses of poverty: Measuring and managing the multiple burdens of zoonoses and poverty. In: Sing A, editor. Zoonoses-Infections affecting humans and animals. Dordrecht: Springer; 2015. pp. 1127–1137. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_46.
  235. Graham D, Knapp C, Christensen B, et al. Appearance of β-lactam resistance genes in agricultural soils and clinical isolates over the 20th century. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:21550. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/srep21550. [PubMed: 26878889]
  236. Grandin T. Recommended captive bolt stunning techniques for cattle. 2014. [Accessed 10 May 2016]. http://www​.grandin.com/humane/cap​.bolt.tips.html.
  237. Gray C, Sellon R, Freeman L. Nutritional adequacy of two vegan diets for cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004;225:1670–1675. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2460/javma.2004.225.1670. [PubMed: 15626215]
  238. Griffin D. Unsnarling the world-knot: Consciousness, freedom, and the mind-body problem. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1998.
  239. Gruen L. Ethics and animals: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/CBO9780511976162.
  240. Gu Y, Nieves J, Stern Y, et al. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: A protective diet. Archives of Neurology. 2010;67:699–706. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archneurol.2010.84. [PubMed: 20385883]
  241. Gundersen A. The environmental promise of democratic deliberation. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press; 1995.
  242. Gunderson R. Meat and inequality: Environmental health consequences of livestock agribusiness. Environmental Justice. 2012;5:54–58. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1089/env.2011.0010.
  243. Gutjahr J. The reintegration of animals and slaughter into discourses of meat eating. In: Röcklinsberg H, Sandin P, editors. The ethics of consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2013. pp. 379–385. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3920/978-90-8686-784-4_61.
  244. Haddad E, Berk L, Kettering J, et al. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70S:586S–593S.
  245. Hallberg L, Rossander L. Effect of different drinks on the absorption of non-heme iron from composite meals. Human nutrition. Applied nutrition. 1982;36:116. [PubMed: 6896705]
  246. Hallström E, Carlsson-Kanyama A, Börjesson P. Environmental impact of dietary change: a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;91:1–11. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.008.
  247. Hanlon P, McCartney G. Peak oil: Will it be public health’s greatest challenge? Public Health. 2008;122:647–652. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.puhe.2008.03.020. [PubMed: 18538808]
  248. Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. Science. 1968;162:1243–1248. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.162.3859.1243.
  249. Hartshorne C. The compound individual. In: Hartshorne C, editor. Whitehead’s Philosophy. Selected Essays, 1935-1970. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1972. pp. 41–46.
  250. Hawthorne M. Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Winchester: Changemakers Books; 2013.
  251. Haya K, Burridge L, Chang B. Environmental impact of chemical wastes produced by the salmon aquaculture industry. Journal of Marine Science. 2001;58:492–496. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.1034.
  252. Haynes R. Animal welfare: competing conceptions and their ethical implications. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media; 2008. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-4020-8619-9.
  253. He F, Nowson C, MacGregor G. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;367:320–326. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(06)68069-0, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(06)68731-X. [PubMed: 16443039]
  254. Heaton R, Randerson P, Slater F. The economics of growing short rotation coppice in the uplands of mid-Wales and an economic comparison with sheep production. Biomass and Bioenergy. 1999;17:59–71. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0961-9534(99)00025-2.
  255. Hendrickson M, James H, Hefferman W. Does the world need U.S. farmers even if Americans don’t? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2008;21:311–328. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-008-9092-y.
  256. Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, et al. Poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2012;12:89–98. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0676. [PubMed: 22133236]
  257. Herrero M, Gerber P, Vellinga T, et al. Livestock and greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of getting the numbers right. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2011;166-167:779–782. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.083.
  258. Hessler K, Buchanan A. Specifying the content of the human right to health care. In: Rhodes R, Battin M, Silvers A, editors. Medicine and Social Justice. Essays on the Distribution of Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. pp. 84–96.
  259. Hills A. Do animals have rights? Cambridge: Icon Books; 2005.
  260. Hindle V, Lambooij E, Reimert H, et al. Animal welfare concerns during the use of the water bath for stunning broilers, hens, and ducks. Poultry science. 2010;89:401–412. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00297.
  261. Hocquette A, Lambert C, Sinquin C, et al. Educated consumers don’t believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2015;14:273–284. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S2095-3119(14)60886-8.
  262. Hoedt E, Evans P, Denman S, et al. Methane matters in animals and man: from beginning to end. Microbiology Australia. 2015;36:4–7. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1071/MA15003.
  263. Hoekstra A, Chapagain A. Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management. 2007;21:35–48. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11269-006-9039-x.
  264. Hoffman L, Wiklund E. Game and venison—Meat for the modern consumer. Meat Science. 2006;74:197–208. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.meatsci.2006.04.005. [PubMed: 22062729]
  265. Holick M. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357:266–281. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553. [PubMed: 17634462]
  266. Holick M, Biancuzzo R, Chen T, et al. Vitamin D2 Is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:677–681. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2308. [PubMed: 18089691]
  267. Ho-Pham L, Vu B, Lai T, et al. Vegetarianism, bone loss, fracture and vitamin D: a longitudinal study in Asian vegans and non-vegans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;66:75–82. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.131. [PubMed: 21811293]
  268. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Michaelsen K. Cow’s milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2006;26:131–173. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103757.
  269. Hotchkiss A, Rider C, Blystone C, et al. Fifteen years after ‘Wingspread’—Environmental endocrine disruptors and human and wildlife health: Where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicological Sciences. 2008;105:235–259. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn030. [PubMed: 18281716]
  270. Hristov A. Historic, pre-European settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the United States. Journal of Animal Science. 2012;90:1371–1375. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4539. [PubMed: 22178852]
  271. Hu F. Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78:544S–551S. [PubMed: 12936948]
  272. Huang J, Pray C, Rozelle S. Enhancing the crops to feed the poor. Nature. 2002;418:678–684. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nature01015. [PubMed: 12167874]
  273. Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012;60:233–240. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000337301. [PubMed: 22677895]
  274. Huijsdens X, van Dijke B, Spalburg E, et al. Community-acquired MRSA and pig farming. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2006;5:26–29. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-5-26. [PubMed: 17096847]
  275. Hume D. A treatise of human nature. Second edition. Selby-Bigge LA, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1978.
  276. Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutrition and Cancer. 2008;60:421–441. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/01635580801911779. [PubMed: 18584476]
  277. Hunt J, Roughead Z. Nonheme-iron absorption, fecal ferritin excretion, and blood indexes of iron status in women consuming controlled lactoovovegetarian diets for 8 wk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69:944–952. [PubMed: 10232635]
  278. Hunt J, Roughead Z. Adaptation of iron absorption in men consuming diets with high or low iron bioavailability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:94–102. [PubMed: 10617952]
  279. Iannotti L, Lutter C, Bunn D, et al. Eggs: the uncracked potential for improving maternal and young child nutrition among the world’s poor. Nutrition Reviews. 2014;72:355–368. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12107. [PubMed: 24807641]
  280. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Summary for policymakers. 2007a. [Accessed 10 February 2013]. http://www​.ipcc.ch/pdf​/assessment-report​/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf.
  281. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core writing team. Pachauri R, Reisinger A, editors. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2007b.
  282. Issatt E. AquAdvantage or disadvantage: social and legal pros and cons of genetically modified fish. In: Röcklingsberg H, Sandin P, editors. The ethics of consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2013. pp. 299–304. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3920/978-90-8686-784-4_48.
  283. Jamieson D. Method and moral theory. In: Singer P, editor. A companion to ethics. Oxford: Blackwell; 1990. pp. 476–487.
  284. Janson C. The effect of passive smoking on respiratory health in children and adults. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2004;8:510–516. [PubMed: 15137524]
  285. Jenkins D, Wolever T, Taylor R, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981;34:362–366. [PubMed: 6259925]
  286. Jenkins D, Popovich D, Kendall C, et al. Effect of a diet high in vegetables, fruit, and nuts on serum lipids. Metabolism. 1997;46:530–537. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0026-0495(97)90190-6. [PubMed: 9160820]
  287. Jenkins D, Kendall C, Popovich D, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism. 2001;50:494–503. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1053/meta.2001.21037. [PubMed: 11288049]
  288. Jenkins D, Kendall C, Faulkner D, et al. Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83:582–591. [PubMed: 16522904]
  289. Jepson J. A linguistic analysis of discourse on the killing of nonhuman animals. Society and Animals. 2008;16:127–148. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853008X291426.
  290. Jha A. First lab-grown hamburger gets full marks for ‘mouth feel’ The Guardian. Aug 6, 2013. [Accessed 16 September 2015]. http://www​.theguardian​.com/science/2013/aug​/05/world-first-synthetic-hamburger-mouth-feel.
  291. Joy M. Why we love dogs eat pigs and wear cows. An introduction to carnism. San Francisco: Conari Press; 2010.
  292. Joyce A, Dixon S, Comfort J, et al. The cow in the room: public knowledge of the links between dietary choices and health and environmental impacts. Environmental Health Insights. 2008;1:31–34. [PubMed: 21572845]
  293. Juntti H, Tikkanen S, Kokkonen J, et al. Cow’s milk allergy is associated with recurrent otitis media during childhood. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1999;119:867–873. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/00016489950180199. [PubMed: 10728925]
  294. Kahleova H, Pelikanova T. Vegetarian diets in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2015:1–11. (ahead-of-print)
  295. Kalof L, Dietz T, Stern P, et al. Social psychological and structural influences on vegetarian beliefs. Rural Sociology. 1999;64:500–511. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00364.x.
  296. Kanaly R, Manzanero L, Macer D, et al. Energy flow, environment and ethical implications for meat production. Ethics and climate change in Asia and the Pacific (ECCAP) project, RUSHSAP. Bangkok: UNESCO; 2009.
  297. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Sievanen H, et al. Epidemiology of hip fractures. Bone. 1996;18S:57S–63S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/8756-3282(95)00381-9.
  298. Karesh W, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith J, et al. Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet. 2012;380:1936–1945. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(12)61678-X. [PubMed: 23200502]
  299. Kart A, Bilgili A. Ionophore antibiotics: toxicity, mode of action and neurotoxic aspect of carboxylic ionophores. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2008;7:748–751.
  300. Kasturirangan R, Srinivasan K, Rao S. Dark and dairy. The Hindu. 2014 November 9;
  301. Katan M. Nitrate in foods: harmful or healthy? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;90:11–12. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.28014. [PubMed: 19458015]
  302. Katan M, Grundy S, Jones P. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003;78:965–978. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0025-6196(11)63144-3. [PubMed: 12911045]
  303. Kawai N, Kono R, Sugimoto S. Avoidance learning in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) depends on the predatory imminence of the unconditioned stimulus: a behavior systems approach to learning in invertebrates. Behavioural Brain Research. 2004;150:229–237. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0166-4328(03)00261-4. [PubMed: 15033297]
  304. Ka-Wai Hui E. Reasons for the increase in emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases. Microbes and infection. 2006;8:905–916. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.032. [PubMed: 16448839]
  305. Kearney J, McElhone S. Perceived barriers in trying to eat healthier—results of a pan-EU consumer attitudinal survey. British Journal of Nutrition. 1999;81S:S133–S137. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0007114599000987.
  306. Kearney M, Kearney J, Dunne A, et al. Sociodemographic determinants of perceived influences on food choice in a nationally representative sample of Irish adults. Public Health Nutrition. 2000;3:219–226. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1368980000000252. [PubMed: 10948389]
  307. Kenyon P, Barker M. Attitudes towards meat-eating in vegetarian and non-vegetarian teenage girls in England—an ethnographic approach. Appetite. 1998;30:185–198. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1997.0129. [PubMed: 9573452]
  308. Key T, Fraser G, Thorogood M, et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70(S):516S–524S. [PubMed: 10479225]
  309. Key T, Appleby P, Rosell M. Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2006;65:35–41. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PNS2005481. [PubMed: 16441942]
  310. Key T, Appleby P, Spencer E, et al. Cancer incidence in British vegetarians. British Journal of Cancer. 2009a;101:192–197. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605098. [PubMed: 19536095]
  311. Key T, Appleby P, Spencer E, et al. Mortality in British vegetarians: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009b;89S:1613S–1619S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736L.
  312. Key T, Appleby P, Crowe F, et al. Cancer in British vegetarians: updated analyses of 4998 incident cancers in a cohort of 32,491 meat eaters, 8612 fish eaters, 18,298 vegetarians, and 2246 vegans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;100 S1:378S–385S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.113.071266. [PubMed: 24898235]
  313. Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;61S:1321S–1323S.
  314. Kheel M. Nature ethics. An ecofeminist perspective. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield; 2008.
  315. Kirchmann H, Thorvaldsson G. Challenging targets for future agriculture. European Journal of Agronomy. 2000;12:145–161. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S1161-0301(99)00053-2.
  316. Kitzes J, Wackernagel M. Answers to common questions in ecological footprint accounting. Ecological Indicators. 2009;9:812–817. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ecolind.2008.09.014.
  317. Klimas T, Vaiciukaite J. Law of recitals in European Community legislation. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law. 2008;15:1–33.
  318. Knight A. The costs and benefits of animal experiments. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1057/9780230306417.
  319. Knight D, Ellio W, Anderson J, et al. The role of earthworms in managed permanent pastures in Devon, England. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1992;24:1511–1517. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0038-0717(92)90142-K.
  320. Knight S, Vrij A, Bard K, et al. Science versus human welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use. Journal of Social Issues. 2009;65:463–483. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01609.x.
  321. Koller V, Fürhacker M, Nersesyan A, et al. Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of glyphosate and Roundup in human-derived buccal epithelial cells. Archives of Toxicology. 2012;86:805–813. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00204-012-0804-8. [PubMed: 22331240]
  322. Korthals M. Emotions, truths and meanings regarding cattle: Should we eat meat? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2012;25:625–629. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-011-9334-2.
  323. Korzen S, Sandøe P, Lassen J. Pure meat—Public perceptions of risk reduction strategies in meat production. Food Policy. 2011;36:158–165. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.foodpol.2010.10.005.
  324. Kristensen T. Sickness absence and work strain among Danish slaughterhouse workers: an analysis of absence from work regarded as coping behaviour. Social Science & Medicine. 1991;32:15–27. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0277-9536(91)90122-S. [PubMed: 2008617]
  325. Laestadius L. Public perceptions of the ethics of in-vitro meat: Determining an appropriate course of action. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2015;28:991–1009. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-015-9573-8.
  326. Laestadius L, Caldwell M. Is the future of meat palatable? Perceptions of in vitro meat as evidenced by online news comments. Public Health Nutrition. 2015;18:2457–2467. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1368980015000622. [PubMed: 25818555]
  327. Lakoff G. Don’t think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing; 2004.
  328. Lal R. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Security. 2009;1:45–57. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s12571-009-0009-z.
  329. Lamey A. Food fight! Davis versus Regan on the ethics of eating beef. Journal of Social Philosophy. 2007;38:331–348. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00382.x.
  330. Lang T, Heasman M. Food wars. The global battle for mouths, minds, and markets. London: Earthscan; 2004.
  331. Lanou A. Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Counterpoint. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89S:1638S–1642S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736P.
  332. Larsson S, Orsini N, Wolk A. Milk, milk products and lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, International Journal of Cancer. 2006;118:431–441. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21305. [PubMed: 16052536]
  333. Lautensach A. Sustainable health for all? The tension between human security and the right to health care. Journal of Human Security. 2015;11:5–18. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.12924/johs2015.11010005.
  334. Lay D, Fulton R, Hester P, et al. Hen welfare in different housing systems. Poultry Science. 2011;90:278–294. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00962.
  335. Lea E, Worsley A. Benefits and barriers to the consumption of a vegetarian diet in Australia. Public Health Nutrition. 2003;6:505–511. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002452. [PubMed: 12943567]
  336. Lea E, Crawford D, Worsley A. Consumers’ readiness to eat a plant-based diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006a;60:342–351. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1038/sj.ejcn.1602320. [PubMed: 16278691]
  337. Lea E, Crawford D, Worsley A. Public views of the benefits and barriers to the consumption of a plant-based diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006b;60:828–837. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1038/sj.ejcn.1602387. [PubMed: 16452915]
  338. Legge J. Learning to be a dutiful carnivore. The British Vegetarian. 1969 Jan/Feb;:59.
  339. Lempainen J, Tauriainen S, Vaarala O, et al. Interaction of enterovirus infection and cow’s milk-based formula nutrition in type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2012;28:177–185. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1294. [PubMed: 21922634]
  340. Leonard W. The global diversity of eating patterns: Human nutritional health in comparative perspective. Physiology & Behavior. 2014;134:5–14. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.050. [PubMed: 24613505]
  341. Lerner H, Algers B. Tail docking in the EU: a case of routine violation of an EU Directive. In: Röcklingsberg H, Sandin P, editors. The ethics of consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2013. pp. 374–378. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3920/978-90-8686-784-4_60.
  342. Leung A, LaMar A, Xuemei H, et al. Iodine status and thyroid function of Boston-area vegetarians and vegans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011;96:e1303–e1307. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0256. [PubMed: 21613354]
  343. Levy S, FitzGerald G, Macone A. Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976;295:583–588. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1056/NEJM197609092951103. [PubMed: 950974]
  344. Lewens T. Species, essence and explanation. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 2012;43:751–757.
  345. Lewis S. An opinion on the global impact of meat consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994;59S:1099S–1102S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.shpsc.2012.09.013.
  346. Li D. Chemistry behind vegetarianism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011;59:777–784. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1021/jf103846u. [PubMed: 21204526]
  347. Lightowler H. Assessment of iodine intake and iodine status in vegans. In: Preedy V, Burrow G, Watson R, editors. Comprehensive handbook of iodine: nutritional, biochemical, pathological and therapeutic aspects. Burlington: Academic Press; 2009. pp. 429–436. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/B978-0-12-374135-6.00045-5.
  348. Lin O, Soon M, Wu S, et al. Dietary habits and right-sided colonic diverticulosis. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2000;43:1412–1418. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1007/BF02236638. [PubMed: 11052519]
  349. Lindeberg S, Eliasson M, Lindahl B, et al. Low serum insulin in traditional Pacific Islanders - The Kitava study. Metabolism. 1999;48:1216–1219. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0026-0495(99)90258-5. [PubMed: 10535381]
  350. Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, et al. A palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007;50:1795–1807. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00125-007-0716-y. [PubMed: 17583796]
  351. Lines J, Jones T, Berry P, et al. Evaluation of a breast support conveyor to improve poultry welfare on the shackle line. Veterinary Record. 2011;168:129. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c5431. [PubMed: 21493487]
  352. Lipton M. Challenges to meet: food and nutrition security in the new millennium. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2001;60:203–214. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PNS200084. [PubMed: 11681636]
  353. Liu S, Stampfer M, Hu F, et al. Wholegrain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the nurses’ health study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70:412–419. [PubMed: 10479204]
  354. Liu S, Willett W, Stampfer M, et al. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:1455–1461. [PubMed: 10837285]
  355. Llorente R. The moral framework of Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation: An alternative to utilitarianism. Ethical Perspectives. 2009;16:61–80. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2143/EP.16.1.2036278.
  356. Lloyd-Williams F, O’Flaherty M, Mwatsama M, et al. Estimating the cardiovascular mortality burden attributable to the European Common Agricultural Policy on dietary saturated fats. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86:535–541. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.053728. [PubMed: 18670665]
  357. Lock K, Pomerleau J. Fruit and vegetable policy in the European Union: Its effects on the burden of cardiovascular disease. Brussels: European Heart Network; 2005.
  358. Lönnerdal B. Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130S:1378S–1383S.
  359. Loughnan D. Food shock: The truth about what we put on our plate—and what we can do to change it. Wollombi, NSW: Exisle Publishing; 2012.
  360. Ludwig D. The glycemic index. Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287:2414–2423. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jama.287.18.2414. [PubMed: 11988062]
  361. Ma G, Jin Y, Piao J, et al. Phytate, calcium, iron, and zinc contents and their molar ratios in foods commonly consumed in China. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53:10285–10290. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1021/jf052051r. [PubMed: 16366728]
  362. Macdiarmid J, Kyle J, Horgan G, et al. Sustainable diets for the future: can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96:632–639. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.112.038729. [PubMed: 22854399]
  363. MacDonald M, Simon J. Cattle, soyanization, and climate change. Brazil’s agricultural revolution. New York: Brighter Green; 2011.
  364. Macnaghten P. Animals in their nature: A case study on public attitudes to animals, genetic modification, and ‘nature’ Sociology. 2004;38:533–551. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0038038504043217.
  365. Majchrzak D, Singer I, Männer M, et al. B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2006;50:485–491. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000095828. [PubMed: 16988496]
  366. Mancilla A. Nonhuman animals in Adam Smith’s moral theory. Between the Species. 2009;13:1–18. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.15368/bts.2009v13n9.2.
  367. Mann N. Dietary lean red meat and human evolution. European Journal of Nutrition. 2000;39:71–79. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1007/s003940050005. [PubMed: 10918988]
  368. Manousos O, Day N, Tzonou A, et al. Diet and other factors in the aetiology of diverticulosis: an epidemiological study in Greece. Gut. 1985;26:544–549. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/gut.26.6.544. [PubMed: 3924745]
  369. Marcus E. Vegan: The new ethics of eating. Ithaca: McBooks Press; 2001.
  370. Marlow H, Hayes W, Soret S, et al. Diet and the environment: Does what you eat matter? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;5S:1699S–1703S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.2009.26736Z.
  371. Marsh K. Nuts and diabetes. Diabetes management: A journal for general practitioners and other health professionals. 2011;36:16.
  372. Marsh K, Brand-Miller J. Vegetarian Diets and Diabetes. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2011;5:135–143. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/1559827610387393.
  373. Marshall B, Levy S. Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2011;24:718–733. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00002-11. [PubMed: 21976606]
  374. Marvin G. Sensing nature: Encountering the world in hunting. Etnofoor. 2005;18:15–26.
  375. Marx P, Li Y, Lerche N, et al. Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey. Journal of Virology. 1991;65:4480–4485. [PubMed: 1840620]
  376. Mason J, Finelli M. Brave new farm? In: Singer P, editor. In defense of animals: The second wave. Malden: Blackwell; 2006. pp. 104–122.
  377. Materna S, Cameron R. The sea urchin genome as a window on function. The Biological Bulletin. 2008;214:266–273. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2307/25470668. [PubMed: 18574103]
  378. Matheny G. Least harm: A defense of vegetarianism from Steven Davis’s omnivorous proposal. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2003;16:505–511. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1023/A:1026354906892.
  379. Matthews G. Pesticides. Health, safety, and the environment. Oxford: Blackwell; 2006. 2006.
  380. May T. Moral individualism, moral relationalism, and obligations to non-human animals. Journal of Applied Philosophy. 2014;31:155–168. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/japp.12055.
  381. McCarty M. Upregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis as a strategy for preventing and treating autoimmune disorders: a role for whole-food vegan diets, fish oil and dopamine agonists. Medical Hypotheses. 2001a;57:258–275. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1318. [PubMed: 11461185]
  382. McCarty M. Does a vegan diet reduce risk for Parkinson’s disease? Medical Hypotheses. 2001b;57:318–323. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1321. [PubMed: 11516224]
  383. McCarty M. A moderately low phosphate intake may provide health benefits analogous to those conferred by UV light—a further advantage of vegan diets. Medical Hypotheses. 2003a;61:543–560. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0306-9877(03)00228-7. [PubMed: 14592785]
  384. McCarty M. Iatrogenic lipodystrophy in HIV patients—the need for very-low-fat diets. Medical Hypotheses. 2003b;61:561–566. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0306-9877(03)00230-5. [PubMed: 14592786]
  385. McCarty M. A low-fat, whole-food vegan diet, as well as other strategies that down-regulate IGF-1 activity, may slow the human aging process. Medical Hypotheses. 2003c;60:784–792. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0306-9877(02)00235-9. [PubMed: 12699704]
  386. McCarty M. mTORC1 activity as a determinant of cancer risk—Rationalizing the cancer-preventive effects of adiponectin, metformin, rapamycin, and low-protein vegan diets. Medical Hypotheses. 2011;77:642–648. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.004. [PubMed: 21862237]
  387. McCauley D, Pinsky M, Palumbi S, et al. Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean. Science. 2015;347:1255641.1–1255641.7. [PubMed: 25593191]
  388. McCausland C, O’Sullivan S, Brenton S. Trespass, animals and democratic engagement. Res Publica. 2013;19:205–221. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11158-013-9214-x.
  389. McDonald B. ‘Once you know something, you can’t not know it’. An empirical look at becoming vegan. Society and Animals. 2000;8:1–23. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853000510961, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853000X00011.
  390. McEvoy C, Woodside J. Vegetarian and vegan diets: weighing the claims. In: Wilson T, Bray G, Temple N, et al., editors. Nutrition and Health: Nutrition Guide for Physicians. New York: Humana Press; 2010. pp. 81–93. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-1-60327-431-9_7.
  391. McMichael A, Powles J, Butler C, et al. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. Lancet. 2007;370:1253–1263. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2. [PubMed: 17868818]
  392. McPhail E. The evolution of consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503248.001.0001.
  393. Meek R, Vyas H, Piddock L. Nonmedical uses of antibiotics: Time to restrict their use? PLoS Biol. 2015;13:e1002266. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pbio.1002266. [PubMed: 26444324]
  394. Mekonnen M, Hoekstra A. A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems. 2012;15:401–415. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10021-011-9517-8.
  395. Melnik B. Milk signalling in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Medical Hypotheses. 2011;76:553–559. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.017. [PubMed: 21251764]
  396. Melnik B. Dietary intervention in acne. Attenuation of increased mTORC1 signalling promoted by Western diet. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2012;4:20–32. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4161/derm.19828. [PubMed: 22870349]
  397. Menzies D. The case for a worldwide ban on smoking in public places. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2011;17:116–122. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/MCP.0b013e328341ce98. [PubMed: 21365795]
  398. Messina V, Mangels A. Considerations in planning vegan diets: Children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001;101:661–669. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0002-8223(01)00167-5. [PubMed: 11424545]
  399. Messina V, Mangels R, Messina M. The dietitian’s guide to vegetarian diets: issues and applications. Second edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2004.
  400. Meyers C. Why it is morally good to eat (certain kinds of) meat: The case for entomophagy. Southwest Philosophy Review. 2013;29:119–126. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5840/swphilreview201329113.
  401. Milburn J. The animal lovers’ paradox? On the ethics of ‘pet food’ In: Overall C, editor. Pets and people. Oxford: Oxford University Press; forthcoming.
  402. Mill J. On liberty. London: Parker; 1859.
  403. Milligan T. Beyond animal rights. Food, pets and ethics. London: Continuum; 2010.
  404. Millward D. The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999;58:249–260. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0029665199000348. [PubMed: 10466163]
  405. Millward D, Garnett T. Food and the planet: Nutritional dilemmas of greenhouse gas emission reductions through reduced intakes of meat and dairy foods. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2010;69:103–118. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0029665109991868. [PubMed: 20003639]
  406. Milner N. Taboo. In: Insoll T, editor. The Oxford handbook of the archaeology of ritual and religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. pp. 105–114. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232444.013.0009.
  407. Milton K. Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? Nutrition. 1999;15:488–498. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0899-9007(99)00078-7. [PubMed: 10378206]
  408. Moinard C, Morisse J, Faure J. Effect of cage area, cage height and perches on feather condition, bone breakage and mortality of laying hens. British Poultry Science. 1998;39:198–202. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1080/00071669889123.
  409. Mølbak K, Baggesen D, Aarestrup F, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant, quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhinurium DT104. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341:1420–1425. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1056/NEJM199911043411902. [PubMed: 10547404]
  410. Moran D, Wackernagel M, Kitzes J. Trading spaces. Calculating embodied ecological footprints in international trade using a product land use matrix (PLUM). Ecological Economics. 2009;68:1938–1951. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.011.
  411. Morton J, Kerven C. Livelihoods and basic service support in the drylands of the Horn of Africa. Brief prepared by a Technical Consortium hosted by CGIAR in partnership with the FAO Investment Centre. Technical Consortium Brief 3. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute; 2013.
  412. Mozaffarian D, Appel L, Van Horn L. Components of a cardioprotective diet. New Insights. 2011;123:2870–2891.
  413. Mukuddem-Petersen J, Oosthuizen W, Jerling J. A systematic review of the effects of nuts on blood lipid profiles in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:2082–2089. [PubMed: 16140880]
  414. Naess A. Self-realisation: An ecological approach to being in the world. In: Drengson A, Inoue Y, editors. The deep ecology movement: An introductory anthology. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books; 1995. pp. 13–30. 1995.
  415. Nagel T. Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979.
  416. Nardella C, Carracedo A, Alimonti A, et al. Differential requirement of mTOR in post-mitotic tissues and tumorigenesis. Science Signaling. 2009;2:ra2. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/scisignal.2000189. [PubMed: 19176516]
  417. Naylor R, Hardy R, Bureau D, et al. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106:15103–15110. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.0905235106. [PubMed: 19805247]
  418. Nepstad D, Stickler C, Almeida O. Globalization of the Amazon soy and beef industries: Opportunities for conservation. Conservation Biology. 2006;20:1595–1603. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00510.x. [PubMed: 17181794]
  419. Nestle M. Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999;58:211–218. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0029665199000300. [PubMed: 10466159]
  420. New S. Intake of fruit and vegetables: implications for bone health. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003;62:889–899. [PubMed: 15018489]
  421. Niazi S. In India, the world’s first vegetarian city. Worldcrunch. Oct 5, 2014. [Accessed 17 February 2016]. http://www​.worldcrunch​.com/culture-society​/in-india-the-world-039-s-first-vegetarian-city​/india-palitana-food-meat-fish-gujarat/c3s17132/
  422. Norat T, Dossus L, Rinaldi S, et al. Diet, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in European women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61:91–98. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1038/sj.ejcn.1602494. [PubMed: 16900085]
  423. Nordgren A. Ethical issues in mitigation of climate change: The option of reduced meat production and consumption. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2012;25:563–584. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-011-9335-1.
  424. Norouzy A, Razavi A, Sanders T, et al. Vegan diet improves cardio-vascular risk factors compared to omnivore diet. Clinical Nutrition Supplements. 2011;6:18. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S1744-1161(11)70044-8.
  425. Norris J, Messina V. Vegan for life: Everything you need to know to be healthy and fit on a plant-based diet. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong Books; 2011.
  426. Norton M. The chicken or the iegue: Human-animal relationships and the Columbian exchange. The American Historical Review. 2015;120:28–60. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.1.28.
  427. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. The ethics of research involving animals. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics; 2005.
  428. Nussbaum M. Beyond “compassion and humanity” Justice for nonhuman animals. In: Nussbaum M, Sunstein C, editors. Animal rights. Current debates and new directions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. pp. 299–320.
  429. Nussbaum M. Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2006.
  430. Oliveira G. The geopolitics of Brazilian soybeans. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 2015:1–25. (ahead-of-print)
  431. O’Neill B. A scientific review of the reported effects of vegan nutrition on the occurrence and prevalence of cancer and cardio-vascular disease. Bioscience Horizons. 2010;3:197–212. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/biohorizons/hzq022.
  432. Orlich M, Singh P, Sabaté J, et al. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013;173:1230–1238. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6473. [PubMed: 23836264]
  433. Ostfeld R. Biodiversity loss and the rise of zoonotic pathogens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2009;15:40–43. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02691.x. [PubMed: 19220353]
  434. Packer M [Mark] The aesthetic dimension of ethics and law: Some reflections on harmless offence. American Philosophical Quarterly. 1996;33:57–74.
  435. Packer M [Mike] Algal capture of carbon dioxide; biomass generation as a tool for greenhouse gas mitigation with reference to New Zealand energy strategy and policy. Energy Policy. 2009;37:3428–3437. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.025.
  436. Palmer C. Animal ethics in context. New York: Columbia University Press; 2010.
  437. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein A, et al. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;94:1088–1096. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3945/ajcn.111.018978. [PubMed: 21831992]
  438. Park Y, Subar A, Hollenbeck A, et al. Dietary fiber intake and mortality in the NIHAARP diet and health study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2011;171:1061–1068. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archinternmed.2011.18. [PubMed: 21321288]
  439. Parry M, Canziani O, Pultikof J, et al., editors. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
  440. Peeters M, Honoré C, Huet T, et al. Isolation and partial characterization of an HIV-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in Gabon. Aids. 1989;3:625–630. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/00002030-198910000-00001. [PubMed: 2512955]
  441. Pelletier N, Tyedmers P. Forecasting potential global environmental costs of livestock production 2000—2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107:18371–18374. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.1004659107.
  442. Pendergrast N. Environmental concerns and the mainstreaming of veganism. In: Raphaely T, Marinova D, editors. Impacts of meat consumption on health and environmental sustainability. 2016. pp. 106–123. IGI Global, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch006.
  443. Penning de Vries F, Van Keulen H, Rabbinge R. Natural resources and limits of food production in 2040. In: Bouma J, editor. Eco-regional approaches for sustainable land use and food production. Dordrecht: Kluwer; 1995. pp. 65–88. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/978-94-011-0121-9_5.
  444. Pennisi E. “Simple animal”’s genome proves unexpectedly complex. Science. 2008;321:1028–1029. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.321.5892.1028b.
  445. Pershin Y, La Fontaine S, Di Ventra M. Memristive model of amoeba learning. Physical Review E. 2009;80:021926. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1103/PhysRevE.80.021926.
  446. Peters C, Wilkins J, Fick G. Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2007;22:145–153. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1742170507001767.
  447. Pettersen B, Anousheh R, Fan J, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutrition. 2012;15:1909–1916. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1368980011003454. [PubMed: 22230619]
  448. Phaniraja K, Panchasara H. Indian draught animals power. Veterinary World. 2009;2:404–407.
  449. Piccoli G, Clari R, Vigotti F, et al. Vegan—vegetarian diets in pregnancy: danger or panacea? A systematic narrative review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2015;122:623–633. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/1471-0528.13280. [PubMed: 25600902]
  450. Pimentel D, Pimentel M. Food, energy, and society. Third edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008.
  451. Plous S. Psychological mechanisms in the human use of animals. Journal of Social Studies. 1993;49:11–52. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00907.x.
  452. Pluimers J, Blonk H. Methods for quantifying the environmental and health impacts of food consumption patterns. Gouda: Blonk Environmental Consultants; 2011.
  453. Pollan M. The omnivore’s dilemma. The search for a perfect meal in a fast-food world. London: Penguin Press; 2006.
  454. Popkin B. Reducing meat consumption has multiple benefits for the world’s health. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169:543. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archinternmed.2009.2. [PubMed: 19307515]
  455. Popkin B, Du S. Dynamics of the nutrition transition toward the animal foods sector in China and its implications: A worried perspective. Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133S:3898S–3906S.
  456. Popovich D, Jenkins D, Kendall C, et al. The western lowland gorilla diet has implications for the health of humans and other hominoids. Journal of Nutrition. 1997;127:2000–2005. [PubMed: 9311957]
  457. Post M. Cultured meat from stem cells: Challenges and prospects. Meat Science. 2012;92:297–301. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.008. [PubMed: 22543115]
  458. Post M. An alternative animal protein source: cultured beef. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2014;1328:29–33. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12569. [PubMed: 25376889]
  459. Povey R, Wellens B, Conner M. Attitudes towards following meat, vegetarian and vegan diets: an examination of the role of ambivalence. Appetite. 2001;37:15–26. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1006/appe.2001.0406. [PubMed: 11562154]
  460. Powlson D, Addiscott T, Benjamin N, et al. When does nitrate become a risk for humans? Journal of Environmental Quality. 2008;37:291–295. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177. [PubMed: 18268290]
  461. Price L, Koch B, Hungate B. Ominous projections for global antibiotic use in food-animal production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015;112:5554–5555. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.1505312112.
  462. Proctor H. Animal sentience: Where are we and where are we heading? Animals. 2012;2:628–639. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3390/ani2040628. [PubMed: 26487167]
  463. Qin L, He K, Xu J. Milk consumption and circulating insulin-like growth factor-I level: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2009;60S:330S–340S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/09637480903150114.
  464. Randolph T, Schelling E, Grace D, et al. Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of Animal Science. 2007;85:2788–2800. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0467. [PubMed: 17911229]
  465. Rawls J. A theory of justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press; 1971.
  466. Raz J. Human rights without foundations. In: Besson S, Tasioulas J, editors. The philosophy of international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. pp. 321–337.
  467. Rees W. A blot on the land. Nature. 2003;421:898. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/421898a. [PubMed: 12606978]
  468. Rees W. Ecological footprints and bio-capacity: Essential elements in sustainability assessment. In: Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, editors. Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2006a. pp. 143–158. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/0470022442.ch9.
  469. Rees W. Why conventional economic logic won’t protect biodiversity. In: Lavigne D, editor. Gaining ground: In pursuit of ecological sustainability. Guelph and Limerick: International Fund for Animal Welfare and the University of Limerick; 2006b. pp. 207–226.
  470. Rees W. Human nature, eco-footprints and environmental injustice. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. 2008;13:658–701.
  471. Regan T. The case for animal rights. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1983.
  472. Regan T. The rights of humans and other animals. Ethics and Behavior. 1997;7:103–111. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1207/s15327019eb0702_2. [PubMed: 11655125]
  473. Regan T. The case for animal rights. New edition. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004.
  474. Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Official Journal of the European Union. L 147/1:1–40.
  475. Reijnders L, Soret S. Quantification of the environmental impact of different dietary protein choices. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78S:664S–668S.
  476. Rifkin J. Beyond beef. The rise and fall of the cattle culture. New York: Plume; 1993.
  477. Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Virtanen J, et al. Low intake of fruits, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133:199–204. [PubMed: 12514290]
  478. Rizzo N, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabaté J, et al. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013;113:1610–1619. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jand.2013.06.349. [PubMed: 23988511]
  479. Rollin B. The Frankenstein syndrome: Ethical and social issues in the genetic engineering of animals. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/CBO9781139172806.
  480. Rose J, Arlinghaus R, Cooke S, et al. Can fish really feel pain? Fish and Fisheries. 2014;15:97–133. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/faf.12010.
  481. Rothgerber H, Mican F. Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals. Appetite. 2014;79:11–17. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.appet.2014.03.032. [PubMed: 24704704]
  482. Roubenoff R. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting, functional performance, and quality of life. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2000;6:1003–1016. [PubMed: 11184062]
  483. Royal Society. Reaping the benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. London: Royal Society; 2009.
  484. Ruby M, Heine S. Meat, morals, and masculinity. Appetite. 2011;56:447–450. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.appet.2011.01.018. [PubMed: 21256169]
  485. Ruby M, Heine S. Too close to home. Factors predicting meat avoidance. Appetite. 2012;59:47–52. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.appet.2012.03.020. [PubMed: 22465239]
  486. Ruger J. Toward a theory of a right to health: capability and incompletely theorized agreements. Yale Journal of Law & The Humanities. 2006;18
  487. Sabaté J. The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift? American Journal of Nutrition. 2003;78S:502S–507S.
  488. Sabaté J, Oda K, Ros E. Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Archives of internal medicine. 2010;170:821–827. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archinternmed.2010.79. [PubMed: 20458092]
  489. Sacks F, Appel L, Moore T, et al. A dietary approach to prevent hypertension: A review of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) study. Clinical Cardiology. 1999;22S:1106S–1110S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960221503.
  490. Safran Foer J. Eating animals. London: Hamish Hamilton; 2009.
  491. Saigusa T, Tero A, Nakagaki T, et al. Amoebae anticipate periodic events. Physical Review of Letters. 2008;100:1–4. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1103/PhysRevLett.100.018101.
  492. Salas-Salvadó J, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Bullo M, et al. The role of diet in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2011;21:B32–B48. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.009.
  493. Sanders T. The nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999;58:265–269. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0029665199000361. [PubMed: 10466165]
  494. Sanders T, Gleason K, Griffen B, et al. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006;95:525–531. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051658. [PubMed: 16512939]
  495. Sandøe P, Nielsen B, Christensen L, et al. Staying good while playing God – The ethics of breeding farm animals. Animal Welfare. 1999;8:313–328. [PubMed: 11933931]
  496. Sandøe P, Hocking P, Förkman B, et al. The blind hens’ challenge: Does it undermine the view that only welfare matters in our dealings with animals? Environmental Values. 2014;23:727–742. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3197/096327114X13947900181950.
  497. Saunders A, Davis B, Garg M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. Medical Journal of Australia Open. 2012a;1S:22S–26S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.5694/mjao11.11507.
  498. Saunders A, Craig W, Baines S. Zinc and vegetarian diets. Medical Journal of Australia Open. 2012b;1S:17S–21S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.5694/mjao11.11493.
  499. Savolainen P, Leitner T, Wilton A, et al. A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:12387–12390. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.5694/mjao11.11507. [PubMed: 15299143]
  500. Scarborough P, Noaham K, Clarke D, et al. Modelling the impact of a healthy diet on cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2012a;66:420–426. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/jech.2010.114520. [PubMed: 21172796]
  501. Scarborough P, Allender S, Clarke D, et al. Modelling the health impact of environmentally sustainable dietary scenarios in the UK. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012b;66:710–715. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.34. [PubMed: 22491494]
  502. Schecter A, Cramer P, Boggess K, et al. Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United States. Chemosphere. 1997;34:1437–1447. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0045-6535(97)00440-2. [PubMed: 9134677]
  503. Schedler G. Does ethical meat eating maximize utility? Social theory and practice. 2005;31:499–511. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.5840/soctheorpract200531422.
  504. Schmidt J, Crowe F, Appleby P, et al. Serum uric acid concentrations in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: A cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford Cohort. PloS one. 2013;8(2):e56339. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pone.0056339. [PubMed: 23418557]
  505. Schmidt K. Concepts of animal welfare in relation to positions in animal ethics. Acta Biotheoretica. 2011;59:153–171. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10441-011-9128-y. [PubMed: 21312052]
  506. Scruton R. Animal rights and wrongs. Third edition. London: Metro; 2000.
  507. Seneff S, Wainwright G, Mascitelli L. Nutrition and Alzheimer’s disease: The detrimental role of a high carbohydrate diet. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2011;22:134–140. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.017. [PubMed: 21402242]
  508. Shapiro J. Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 2007;38:807–819. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.shpsc.2007.09.010. [PubMed: 18053935]
  509. Sharma N, Rho G, Hong Y. Bovine mastitis: An Asian perspective. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012;7:454–476. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3923/ajava.2012.454.476.
  510. Shaw R, Cantley L. Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth. Nature. 2006;441:424–430. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nature04869. [PubMed: 16724053]
  511. Shellnhuber H, Cramer W, Nakicenovic N, et al., editors. Avoiding dangerous climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
  512. Sherwin C. Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is the argument-by-analogy? Animal Welfare. 2001;10S:103S–118S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/00071668.2010.502518.
  513. Sherwin C, Richards G, Nicol C. A comparison of the welfare or layer hens in four housing systems in the UK. British Poultry Science. 2010;51:488–499.
  514. Shields S, Park S, Mohan Raj A. A critical review of electrical water-bath stun systems for poultry slaughter and recent developments in alternative technologies. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2010;13:281–299. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/10888705.2010.507119. [PubMed: 20865613]
  515. Shine K, Sturges W. Atmospheric science. CO2 is not the only gas. Science. 2007;315:1804–1805. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.1141677. [PubMed: 17395819]
  516. Siener R, Hönow R, Voss S, et al. Oxalate content of cereals and cereal products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54:3008–3011. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1021/jf052776v. [PubMed: 16608223]
  517. Simoons F. Eat not this flesh. Food avoidances from prehistory to the present. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press; 1994.
  518. Simopoulos A. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2002;56:365–379. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6. [PubMed: 12442909]
  519. Sims L, Domenech J, Benigno C, et al. Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Veterinary Record. 2005;157:159–164. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.6.159. [PubMed: 16085721]
  520. Singer P. Animal liberation. New York: New York Review/Random House; 1975.
  521. Singer P. Animal liberation or animal rights. The Monist. 1987;70:3–14. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.5840/monist19877018.
  522. Singer P. Animal liberation. Second Edition. London: Jonathan Cape; 1990.
  523. Singer P. Rethinking life and death. The collapse of our traditional ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.
  524. Singer P. Introduction. In: Singer P, editor. In defense of animals. The second wave. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. pp. 1–12. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0725513606068771.
  525. Singer P. The life you can save. Acting now to end world poverty. London: Picador; 2009.
  526. Singhal A, Lucas A. Early origins of cardio-vascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis? Lancet. 2004;363:1642–1645. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(04)16210-7. [PubMed: 15145640]
  527. Smil V. Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. Cambridge, MA: MIT; 2001.
  528. Smil V. Eating meat: Evolution, patterns, and consequences. Population and Development Review. 2002;28:599–639. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00599.x.
  529. Smil V. Losing the links between livestock and land. Science. 2005;310:1621–1622. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.1117856. [PubMed: 16339432]
  530. Smil V. Nitrogen cycle and world food production. World Agriculture. 2011;2:1.
  531. Smith A. The theory of moral sentiments. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund; 1982.
  532. Smith J, Boyd K, editors. Lives in the balance. The ethics of using animals in biomedical research. (Report of a working party of the Institute of Medical Ethics). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991.
  533. Smith K, Besser J, Hedberg C, et al. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992—1998. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;340:1525–1532. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1056/NEJM199905203402001. [PubMed: 10332013]
  534. Smith P. Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon? Global change biology. 2014;20:2708–2711. [PubMed: 24604749]
  535. Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, et al. Agriculture. In: Metz B, Davidson O, Bosch P, et al., editors. Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of working group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 497–540.
  536. Smith T, Pearson N. The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2011;11:327–339. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0072. [PubMed: 20925523]
  537. Sobal J. Men, meat, and marriage. Models of masculinity. Food and Foodways. 2005;13:135–158. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/07409710590915409.
  538. Sørensen T, Blom M, Monnet D, et al. Transient intestinal carriage after ingestion of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium from chicken and pork. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345:1161–1166. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010692. [PubMed: 11642232]
  539. Spencer E, Appleby P, Davey G, et al. Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. International Journal of Obesity. 2003;27:728–734. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300. [PubMed: 12833118]
  540. Stacey T, Dunn-Emke M, Weidner G, et al. Nutrient adequacy of a very low-fat vegan diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2005;105:1442–1446. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jada.2005.06.028. [PubMed: 16129088]
  541. Stefano G, Cadet P, Kream R, et al. The presence of endogenous morphine signaling in animals. Neurochemical research. 2008;33:1933–1939. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11064-008-9674-0. [PubMed: 18777209]
  542. Stehfest E, Bouwman L, van Vuuren D, et al. Climate benefits of changing diet. Climatic Change. 2009;95:83–102. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10584-008-9534-6.
  543. Steiner G. Animals and the moral community: Mental life, moral status, and kinship. New York: Columbia University Press; 2008.
  544. Steiner G. Animals and the limits of postmodernism. New York: Columbia University Press; 2013.
  545. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, et al. Livestock’s long shadow. Environmental issues and options. Rome: FAO; 2006.
  546. Stern N. The economics of climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
  547. Stoll-Kleemann S, O’Riordan T. The sustainability challenges of our meat and dairy diets. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 2015;57:34–48. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/00139157.2015.1025644.
  548. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Isaacs W, et al. Acne and risk of prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2007;121:2688–2692. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23032. [PubMed: 17724724]
  549. Takachi R, Inoue M, Ishihara J, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of total cancer and cardio-vascular disease. Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167:59–70. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm263. [PubMed: 17928402]
  550. Tang B, Eslick G, Nowson C, et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2007;370:657–666. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7.
  551. Taubenberger J, Reid A, Lourens R, et al. Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature. 2005;437:889–893. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nature04230. [PubMed: 16208372]
  552. Taylor N, Main D, Mendl M, et al. Tail-biting: a new perspective. The Veterinary Journal. 2010;186:137–147. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.028. [PubMed: 19804997]
  553. Thompson P. The opposite of human enhancement. Nanotechnology and the blind chicken problem. Nanoethics. 2008;2:305–316. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11569-008-0052-9.
  554. Thorpe D, Knutsen S, Lawrence Beeson W, et al. Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri- and postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutrition. 2008;11:564–572. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1368980007000808. [PubMed: 17686206]
  555. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, et al. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:791–796. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1886. [PubMed: 19351712]
  556. Torfadottir J, Steingrimsdottir L, Mucci L. Milk intake in early life and risk of advanced prostate cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;175:144–153. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr289. [PubMed: 22190107]
  557. Torres-Vélez F, Brown C. Emerging infections in animals--potential new zoonoses? Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 2004;24:825–838. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.cll.2004.05.001. [PubMed: 15325066]
  558. Trapp C, Levin S. Preparing to prescribe plant-based diets for diabetes prevention and treatment. Diabetes Spectrum. 2012;25:38–44. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2337/diaspect.25.1.38.
  559. Trout T. Environmental effects of irrigated agriculture. Acta Horticulturae. 2000;537:605–610. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.17660/ActaHortic.2000.537.71.
  560. Tucker K, Hannan M, Kiel D. The acid-base hypothesis: diet and bone in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. European Journal of Nutrition. 2001;40:231–237. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s394-001-8350-8. [PubMed: 11842948]
  561. Tukker A, Huppes G, Guinée J, et al. Environmental impact of products (EIPRO): Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU25. European Commission technical report EUR 22284 EN. 2006. [Accessed 24 December 2012]. Available at: http://ftp​.jrc.es/EURdoc/eur22284en.pdf.
  562. Tukker A, Goldbohm R, De Koning A, et al. Environmental impacts of changes to healthier diets in Europe. Ecological Economics. 2011;70:1776–1788. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.05.00.
  563. Tuomisto H, de Mattos J. Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Environmental Science and Technology. 2011;45:6117–6123. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1021/es200130u. [PubMed: 21682287]
  564. Turner J. Animal breeding, welfare and society. London: Earthscan; 2010.
  565. Turner-McGrievy G, Jenkins D, Barnard N, et al. Decreases in dietary glycemic index are related to weight loss among individuals following therapeutic diets for type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutrition. 2011;141:1469–1474. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.140921. [PubMed: 21653575]
  566. Tuyttens F, Vanhonacker F, Verbeke W. Broiler production in Flanders, Belgium: current situation and producers’ opinions about animal welfare. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 2014;70:343–354. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S004393391400035X.
  567. Twigg J. Vegetarianism and the meanings of meat. In: Murcott A, editor. The Sociology of Food and Eating. Aldershot: Gower Publishing; 1983. pp. 18–30.
  568. Union of Concerned Scientists. Hogging it: Estimates of antimicrobial abuse in livestock. Boston: Union of Concerned Scientists; 2001.
  569. United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The right to adequate food (Art. 11, E/C.12/1999/5). Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; 1999.
  570. van Belkum A, Melles D, Peeters J, et al. Methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in pigs and humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14:479–483. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070760, DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.0760. [PubMed: 18325267]
  571. van Cleef B, Verkade E, Wulf M, et al. Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in communities with high pig-densities in The Netherlands. Public Library of Science One. 2010;5:e9385. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pone.0009385. [PubMed: 20195538]
  572. Van den Bergh J, Verbruggen H. Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: an evaluation of the “ecological footprint” Ecological Economics. 1999;29:61–72. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0921-8009(99)00032-4.
  573. van der Kooi M. The inconsistent vegetarian. Society and Animals. 2010;18:291–305. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1163/156853010X510799.
  574. van der Pols J, Bain C, Gunnell D, et al. Childhood dairy intake and adult cancer risk: 65-y follow-up of the Boyd Orr cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86:1722–1729. [PubMed: 18065592]
  575. van Gelder J, Kammeraat K, Kroes H. Soy consumption for feed and fuel in the European Union. A research paper prepared for Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands). Castricum: Profundo Economic Research; 2008.
  576. van Popering R. Jain vegetarian laws in the city of Palitana: Indefensible legal enforcement or praiseworthy progressive moralism? Linköping: Linköping University; 2015.
  577. Van Winckel M, Vande Velde S, De Bruyne R, et al. Clinical practice. Vegetarian infant and child nutrition. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2011;170:1489–1494. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00431-011-1547-x. [PubMed: 21912895]
  578. Vandevenne F, Barão A, Schoelynck J, et al. Grazers: biocatalysts of terrestrial silica cycling. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 2013 December;280:1–9. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2083.
  579. Varner G. Personhood, ethics, and animal cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/acprof:oso/9780199758784.001.0001.
  580. Vinagre J, Vinagre C, Pozzi F, et al. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subjects. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardio-vascular Diseases. 2013;23:61–67. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.numecd.2011.02.011.
  581. Vinnari M, Tapio P. Sustainability of diets: From concepts to governance. Ecological Economics. 2012;74:46–54. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.012.
  582. Vogel G. For more protein, filet of cricket. Science. 2010;327:811. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1126/science.327.5967.811. [PubMed: 20150488]
  583. von Schacky C. Cardio-vascular disease prevention and treatment. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009;81:193–198. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.009.
  584. Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;11:1965–1966. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050428. [PubMed: 16485492]
  585. Wackernagel M, Rees W. Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers; 1996.
  586. Waldmann A, Koschizke J, Leitzmann C, et al. German vegan study: diet, life-style factors, and cardio-vascular risk profile. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2005;49:366–372. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000088888. [PubMed: 16219987]
  587. Walker P, Rhubart-Berg P, McKenzie S. Public health implications of meat production and consumption. Public Health Nutrition. 2005;8:348–356. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005727. [PubMed: 15975179]
  588. Wallis I. Is vegetarianism bad for the environment? Australian Zoologist. 2014:1–10. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.7882/az.2014.034.
  589. Waltz E. GM salmon declared fit for dinner plates. Nature biotechnology. 2016;34:7–9. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0116-7a.
  590. Wang Q, Bailey C, Ng C, et al. Androgen receptor and nutrient signaling pathways coordinate the demand for increased amino acid transport during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Research. 2011;71:7525–7536. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1821. [PubMed: 22007000]
  591. Wardle J, Steptoe A. Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003;57:440–443. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.6.440. [PubMed: 12775791]
  592. Wardle J, Haase A, Steptoe A, et al. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2004;27:107–116. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1207/s15324796abm2702_5. [PubMed: 15053018]
  593. Waters C, Bassler B. Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 2005;21:319–346. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001.
  594. Webb P. Medium- to long-run implications of high food prices for global nutrition. Journal of Nutrition. 2010;140S:143S–147S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110536.
  595. Weber C, Matthews H. Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008;42:3508–3513. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1021/es702969f. [PubMed: 18546681]
  596. Webster J. Animal husbandry regained: The place of farm animals in sustainable agriculture. Abingdon: Routledge; 2013.
  597. Weidema B, Wesnaes M, Hermansen J, et al. Environmental improvement potentials of meat and dairy products. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2008. European Commission, DG JRC, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Technical report EUR 23491 EN.
  598. Weis T. The meat of the global food crisis. Journal of Peasant Studies. 2013;40:65–85. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/03066150.2012.752357.
  599. Weiss R, McMichael A. Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature Medicine. 2004;10:S70–S76. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nm1150.
  600. Wexler B. Brain and culture: neurobiology, ideology and social change. Cambridge, MS: Bradford Books, MIT Press; 2006.
  601. Whitaker D, Macrae A, Burrough E. Disposal and disease rates in British dairy herds between April 1998 and March 2002. The Veterinary Record. 2004;155:43–47. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/vr.155.2.43. [PubMed: 15285282]
  602. White B, Borras S, Hall R, et al. The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals. Journal of Peasant Studies. 2012;39:619–647. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/03066150.2012.691879.
  603. Whitehead A. Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology (Corrected edition by David Griffin and Donald Sherburne). New York: The Free Press; 1978.
  604. Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76:274S–280S. [PubMed: 12081851]
  605. Williams C, Burge G. Long-chain n-3 PUFA: plant v. marine sources. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2006;65:17–36. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1079/PNS2005473.
  606. Williams N. Affected ignorance and animal suffering: Why our failure to debate factory farming puts us at moral risk. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2008;21:371–384. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10806-008-9087-8.
  607. Wirdefeldt K, Adami H, Cole P, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;26:1S–58S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10654-011-9581-6.
  608. Wirsenius S, Hedenus F. Policy strategies for a sustainable food system: Options for protecting the climate. In: D’Silva J, Webster J, editors. The meat crisis: Developing more sustainable production and consumption. London: Earthscan; 2010. pp. 237–253.
  609. Wirsenius S, Hedenus F, Mohlin K. Greenhouse gas taxes on animal food products: Rationale, tax scheme and climate mitigation effects. Climatic Change. 2011;108:159–184. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10584-010-9971-x.
  610. Wolfe C. What is posthumanism? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2010.
  611. Wolfson D, Sullivan M. Foxes in the hen house: Animals, agribusiness and the law: A modern American fable. In: Nussbaum M, Sunstein C, editors. Animal rights. Current debates and new directions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. pp. 205–233.
  612. Woo K, Kwok T, Celermajer D. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B-12 status and cardiovascular health. Nutrients. 2014;6:3259–3273. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3390/nu6083259. [PubMed: 25195560]
  613. Woolhouse M, Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range and emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;11:1842–1847. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050997. [PubMed: 16485468]
  614. World Bank. World development report 2008: Agriculture for development. Washington DC: World Bank; 2008.
  615. World Bank. Global economic prospects 2009. Washington DC: World Bank; 2009.
  616. World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007.
  617. World Health Organization. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 112. 2010. [Accessed 10 May 2016]. http://www​.who.int/csr​/don/2010_08_06/en/index.html.
  618. World Health Organization. Influenza at the human-animal interface. Summary and assessment as of 17 December 2012. 2012. [Accessed 6 January 2015]. http://www​.who.int/influenza​/human_animal_interface​/Influenza​_Summary_IRA_HA_interface​_17Dec12updated.pdf.
  619. World Water Assessment Programme. The United Nations world water development report 3: Water in a changing world. Paris: Unesco Publishing, and London: Earthscan; 2009.
  620. World Wildlife Fund. Living planet report 2012. Gland: World Wildlife Fund; 2012.
  621. Yang S, Li X, Zhang W, et al. Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet exerts favorable effects on metabolic parameters, intima-media thickness, and cardio-vascular risks in healthy men. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2012;27:392–398. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0884533611436173. [PubMed: 22412169]
  622. Ziegler E. Consumption of cow’s milk as a cause of iron deficiency in infants and toddlers. Nutrition Reviews. 2011;69:37S–42S. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00431.x.
  623. Zoncu R, Efeyan A, Sabatini D. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2011;12:21–35. DOI: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3025. [PubMed: 21157483]
Text © Jan Deckers 2016.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated.

Monographs, or book chapters, which are outputs of Wellcome Trust funding have been made freely available as part of the Wellcome Trust's open access policy

Bookshelf ID: NBK396518
Contents

Views

Other titles in this collection

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...