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The ability to see deeply affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world around them. For most people, eyesight is part of everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Functioning eyes and vision system can reduce an adult's risk of chronic health conditions, death, falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems. In children, properly maintained eye and vision health contributes to a child's social development, academic achievement, and better health across the lifespan.
The public generally recognizes its reliance on sight and fears its loss, but emphasis on eye and vision health, in general, has not been integrated into daily life to the same extent as other health promotion activities, such as teeth brushing; hand washing; physical and mental exercise; and various injury prevention behaviors. A larger population health approach is needed to engage a wide range of stakeholders in coordinated efforts that can sustain the scope of behavior change. The shaping of socioeconomic environments can eventually lead to new social norms that promote eye and vision health.
Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow proposes a new population-centered framework to guide action and coordination among various, and sometimes competing, stakeholders in pursuit of improved eye and vision health and health equity in the United States. Building on the momentum of previous public health efforts, this report also introduces a model for action that highlights different levels of prevention activities across a range of stakeholders and provides specific examples of how population health strategies can be translated into cohesive areas for action at federal, state, and local levels.
Contents
- The National Academies of SCIENCES • ENGINEERING • MEDICINE
- COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES TO REDUCE VISION IMPAIRMENT AND PROMOTE EYE HEALTH
- Reviewers
- Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Preface
- Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States
- ANATOMY OF THE EYE AND FUNCTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
- THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VISION IMPAIRMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
- UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOLOGY OF VISION IMPAIRMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
- CHARACTERIZING VISION IMPAIRMENT FOR POPULATION HEALTH
- ESTIMATING THE PREVENTABLE BURDEN FROM REFRACTIVE ERROR AND CATARACTS
- KEY KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH GAPS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 3. The Impact of Vision Loss
- 4. Surveillance and Research
- 5. The Role of Public Health and Partnerships to Promote Eye and Vision Health in Communities
- OVERVIEW OF THE GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM
- BUILDING CAPACITY AND STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE EYE AND VISION HEALTH
- OPPORTUNITIES TO INCORPORATE EYE AND VISION HEALTH: THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA
- EXPANDING ACCESS TO COMMUNITY-BASED VISION SCREENING SERVICES AND FOLLOW-UP CARE
- ENCOURAGING ENVIRONMENTS THAT SUPPORT EYE HEALTH AND VISUAL FUNCTION: POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
- ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 6. Access to Clinical Vision Services: Workforce and Coverage
- 7. Toward a High-Quality Clinical Eye and Vision Service Delivery System
- 8. Meeting the Challenge of Vision Loss in the United States: Improving Diagnosis, Rehabilitation, and Accessibility
- 9. Eye and Vision Health: Recommendations and a Path to Action
- TRANSLATING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INTO ACTION: RECOMMENDATIONS
- FACILITATE PUBLIC AWARENESS THROUGH TIMELY ACCESS TO ACCURATE AND LOCALLY RELEVANT INFORMATION
- GENERATE EVIDENCE TO GUIDE POLICY DECISIONS AND EVIDENCE-BASED ACTIONS
- EXPAND ACCESS TO APPROPRIATE CLINICAL CARE
- ENHANCE PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITIES TO SUPPORT VISION-RELATED ACTIVITIES
- PROMOTE COMMUNITY ACTIONS THAT ENCOURAGE EYE- AND VISION-HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS IN ACTION: EXAMPLES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
- CONCLUSION
- ADDENDUM
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIXES
Suggested citation:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23471.
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