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Alfirevic Z, Keeney E, Dowswell T, et al. Which method is best for the induction of labour? A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Aug. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 20.65.)

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Which method is best for the induction of labour? A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.

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Appendix 2Search strategy: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group

Detailed search methods used to maintain and update the Group’s database of trials

The Group’s information specialist:

  • Runs a very broad generic preconception, pregnancy, childbirth and immediate postpartum/breastfeeding search that aims to encompass our whole scope. See below for searches run and strategies used.
  • Screens the results, gets hard copies of all relevant papers.
  • Assigns each paper reporting a RCT/clinical controlled trial (CCT) (by Cochrane definition) to a review topic or topics, depending on the intervention, and adds it to the database with a topic classification number to aid retrieval. The Group has a very detailed topic list.

For this project, all of the papers assigned to the ‘Induction of labour’ topic were identified using the broad classification number for this topic.

Search strategies for the identification of studies

Electronic searches

MEDLINE

This current search strategy is run weekly via OVID MEDLINE and uses the Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying randomised trials in MEDLINE: sensitivity-maximising version (2008 revision) published in chapter 6, section 6.4.11, of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.0.2).

  1. randomized controlled trial.pt.
  2. controlled clinical trial.pt.
  3. randomized.ab.
  4. placebo.ab.
  5. drug therapy.fs.
  6. randomly.ab.
  7. trial.ab.
  8. groups.ab.
  9. or/1-8
  10. exp Pregnancy/
  11. exp Pregnancy Complications/
  12. exp Maternal Health Services/
  13. exp Fetus/
  14. exp Fetal Therapies/
  15. exp Fetal Monitoring/
  16. exp Prenatal Diagnosis/
  17. Perinatal Care/
  18. Labor pain/
  19. Analgesia, Obstetric/
  20. exp Obstetric Surgical Procedures/
  21. Infant, Newborn/
  22. exp Postpartum Period/
  23. Breastfeeding/
  24. or/10-23
  25. 9 and 24
  26. exp animals/ not humans.sh.
  27. 25 not 26

EMBASE

The following search strategy is run weekly via NHS Evidence: Health Information Resources.

  1. CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/
  2. allocat$.ti,ab
  3. (cross ADJ over$).ti,ab
  4. trial$.ti
  5. placebo$.ti,ab
  6. (doubl$ ADJ blind$).ti,ab
  7. DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/
  8. crossover$.ti,ab
  9. SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/
  10. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/
  11. random$.ti,ab
  12. 1 OR 3 OR 2 OR 6 OR 4 OR 5 OR 11 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10
  13. exp PREGNANCY/
  14. exp PREGNANCY DISORDER/
  15. exp OBSTETRIC PROCEDURE/
  16. exp BREAST FEEDING/ OR exp BREAST FEEDING EDUCATION/
  17. exp CHILDBIRTH/
  18. CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION/
  19. (antenatal* OR prenatal* OR puerper* OR postnatal* OR postpartum OR post ADJ partum OR post ADJ natal* OR peripartum).ti,ab
  20. (prepregnancy OR pre-pregnancy OR “pre pregnancy” OR preconception* OR “pre conception” OR pre-conception* OR “pre conceptionally” OR periconceptional*).ti,ab
  21. ((preterm OR premature) AND (labor OR labour)).ti,ab
  22. (eclamp* OR preeclamp* OR pre-eclamp*).ti,ab
  23. amniocentes*.ti,ab
  24. (chorion* ADJ vill*).ti,ab
  25. (breastfe* OR breast-fe* OR breast ADJ fe* OR lactation*).ti,ab
  26. (cesarean OR caesarean OR cesarian OR caesarian OR cesarien OR caesarien).ti,ab
  27. (newborn OR new ADJ born OR newborn).ti,ab
  28. (pregnant OR pregnancy OR pregnancies).ti
  29. (tocolysis OR tocolytic*).ti,ab
  30. (fetal OR foetal OR fetus OR foetus).ti,ab
  31. miscarriage*.ti,ab
  32. LABOR PAIN/
  33. OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32
  34. 12 AND 33

The Cochrane Library [includes Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and Economic Evaluations Databases]

This search is run monthly with each new issue of The Cochrane Library:

#1 MeSH descriptor Pregnancy explode all trees

#2 MeSH descriptor Pregnancy Complications explode all trees

#3 MeSH descriptor Fetal Therapies explode all trees

#4 MeSH descriptor Labor Pain explode all trees

#5 MeSH descriptor Infant, Newborn explode all trees

#6 MeSH descriptor Fetus explode all trees

#7 MeSH descriptor Fetal Development explode all trees

#8 MeSH descriptor Extraembryonic Membranes explode all trees

#9 MeSH descriptor Heart Rate, Fetal explode all trees

#10 MeSH descriptor Placenta explode all trees

#11 MeSH descriptor Placental Function Tests explode all trees

#12 MeSH descriptor Umbilical Cord explode all trees

#13 MeSH descriptor Prenatal Diagnosis explode all trees

#14 MeSH descriptor Uterine Monitoring explode all trees

#15 MeSH descriptor Pelvimetry explode all trees

#16 MeSH descriptor Fetal Monitoring explode all trees

#17 MeSH descriptor Obstetrical Nursing explode all trees

#18 MeSH descriptor Oxytocics explode all trees

#19 MeSH descriptor Tocolytic Agents explode all trees

#20 MeSH descriptor Tocolysis explode all trees

#21 MeSH descriptor Anesthesia, Obstetrical explode all trees

#22 MeSH descriptor Obstetric Surgical Procedures explode all trees

#23 MeSH descriptor Maternal Health Services explode all trees

#24 MeSH descriptor Maternal-Child Nursing explode all trees

#25 MeSH descriptor Analgesia, Obstetrical explode all trees

#26 MeSH descriptor Midwifery explode all trees

#27 MeSH descriptor Perinatal Care explode all trees

#28 MeSH descriptor Parity explode all trees

#29 MeSH descriptor Apgar Score explode all trees

#30 MeSH descriptor Postpartum Period explode all trees

#31 MeSH descriptor Breast Feeding explode all trees

#32 MeSH descriptor Milk, Human explode all trees

#33 pregnan* in All Fields in all products

#34 fetus in All Fields in all products

#35 foetus in All Fields in all products

#36 fetal in All Fields in all products

#37 foetal in All Fields in all products

#38 newborn in All Fields in all products

#39 “new born”

#40 birth or childbirth in All Fields in all products

#41 labor or laboring in All Fields in all products

#42 labour* in All Fields in all products

#43 antepart* in All Fields in all products

#44 prenatal* in All Fields in all products

#45 antenatal* in All Fields in all products

#46 perinatal* in All Fields in all products

#47 postnatal* in All Fields in all products

#48 postpart* in All Fields in all products

#49 caesar* in All Fields in all products

#50 cesar* in All Fields in all products

#51 obstetric* in All Fields in all products

#52 oxytoci* in All Fields in all products

#53 tocoly* in All Fields in all products

#54 placenta* in All Fields in all products

#55 prostaglandin in All Fields in all products

#56 parturi* in All Fields in all products

#57 preeclamp* in All Fields in all products

#58 pre next eclamp* in All Fields in all products

#59 eclamp* in All Fields in all products

#60 intrapart* in All Fields in all products

#61 puerper* in All Fields in all products

#62 episiotom* in All Fields in all products

#63 amnio* in All Fields in all products

#64 matern* in All Fields in all products

#65 gestation* in All Fields in all products

#66 lactati* in All Fields in all products

#67 breastfe* in All Fields in all products

#68 breast next fe* in All Fields in all products

#69 (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48 OR #49 OR #50 OR #51 OR #52 OR #53 OR #54 OR #55 OR #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65 OR #66 OR #67 OR #68)

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

The following search strategy is run weekly via NHS Evidence: Health Information Resources.

  1. exp CLINICAL TRIALS/
  2. (clinic* ADJ trial*).ti,ab
  3. (trebl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
  4. (tripl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
  5. (tripl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
  6. (doubl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
  7. (doubl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
  8. (singl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
  9. (singl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
  10. (randomi* ADJ control* ADJ trial*).ti,ab
  11. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/
  12. (random* ADJ allocat*).ti,ab
  13. placebo*.ti,ab
  14. PLACEBOS/
  15. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES/
  16. (allocat* ADJ random*).ti,ab
  17. breastfeeding.ti,ab
  18. breastfed.ti,ab
  19. exp BREAST FEEDING/
  20. breast-fe*.ti,ab
  21. exp PREGNANCY/
  22. exp PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS/
  23. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16
  24. (prenatal OR antenatal OR antepartum OR postpartum OR postnatal).ti,ab
  25. (pregnant OR pregnancy).ti
  26. ((preterm OR premature) AND (labor OR labour)).ti,ab
  27. (midwife OR midwifery).ti,ab
  28. CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION/
  29. 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 123752.
  30. 23 AND 29

ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Portal

preconception* or antenatal or prenatal or perinatal or puerperal or puerperium or postnatal or postpartum or peripartum or post-natal or post-partum or ante-natal or ante-partum or obstetric*

Journal and conference proceedings screening and trial identification (hand-searching)

Journals

Acta Anaethesiologica Scandinavica (and supplements)1950 and continuing
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (and supplements)1950 and continuing
Acta Paediatrica ScandinavicaFirst issue to 1993
American Journal of Clinical NutritionFirst issue and continuing
American Journal of Diseases of the Child1950 to 1993
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology1950 and continuing
Anaesthesia and Intensive CareFirst issue and continuing
Anaesthesia1950 and continuing
Anesthesia and AnalgesiaFirst issue and continuing
Anesthesiology1950 and continuing
Archives of Diseases of the Child1950–93
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFirst issue and continuing
BirthFirst issue and continuing
British Medical Journal1950–96
British Journal of Anaesthesia1950 and continuing
British Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFirst issue and continuing
Canadian Journal of AnaesthesiaFirst issue and continuing
Canadian Medical Association Journal1950–96
Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsFirst issue to 1998
Current Medical Research and OpinionFirst issue to 1993
Developmental Medicine and Child NeurologyFirst issue to 1993
Early Human DevelopmentFirst issue to 1993
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive BiologyFirst issue and continuing
Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde1950 and continuing
Gynecologic and Obstetric InvestigationFirst issue to 1996, 2005 and continuing
Hypertension in Pregnancy2006 and continuing
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia2002 issue 3 to 2005 issue 5
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and GynecologyFirst issue and continuing
International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsFirst issue and continuing
International Journal of Obstetric AnaesthesiaOctober 1994 to Oct 1995, January 2003 and continuing
Journal of the American Medical AssociationFirst issue to 1996
Journal of the American College of Surgeons1950–03
Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la ReproductionFirst issue to 1998
Journal of Human Lactation2001 and continuing
Journal of International Medical ResearchFirst issue to 1993
Journal of Midwifery and Women’s HealthFirst issue and continuing
Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFirst issue and continuing
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research2003 and continuing
Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal NursingFirst issue to 1993, 2001–06
Journal of Pediatrics1950–93
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionFirst issue to 1993
Journal of Perinatal MedicineFirst issue to 1998
Journal of Reproductive MedicineFirst issue to 2003
Lancet1950–96
Medical Journal of Australia1950–96
MidwiferyFirst issue and continuing
New England Journal of Medicine1950–96
Nurse ResearchFirst issue to 1993
New Zealand Medical Journal1950–96
Obstetrics & GynecologyFirst issue and continuing
Pediatric ResearchFirst issue to 93
Pediatrics1950–93
Practitioner1950–96
ProstaglandinsFirst issue to 1993
Regional Anesthesia and Pain MedicineFirst issue and continuing
Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia2003–06
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia2001–05
South African Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFirst issue to 1993
South African Medical Journal1950–93
Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics1950–93
Ugeskrift for Laeger1950–93
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology2002 and continuing
Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und PerinatologieFirst issue to 1997
Zentrablatt fur GynakologieFirst issue to 1997

Conference proceedings

All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology49th, 54th
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Annual Meeting36th, 37th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 55th, 58th
American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting2008, 2009
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Annual Spring Meeting26th to 28th
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Annual Fall Meeting2002, 2003, 2007
Argentinean Congress of Perinatology3rd
Australian Perinatal Society14th
Australian Society of Anaesthetists National Scientific Congress58th, 61st
Birth Conference1st to 9th
British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology23rd, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th
British Maternal and Fetal Medicine Society6th, 10th
British Paediatric Association Annual Meeting14th, 15th, 27th, 60th, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, 65th
Congress of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology34th
European Congress of Allied Specialists in Maternal and Neonatal Care4th
European Congress of Obstetrical Anaesthesia and Analgesia1st
European Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology18th
European Congress of Perinatal Medicine5th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 21st
European Congress on Prostaglandins in Reproduction1st, 2nd
European Congress on Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology6th
European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine26th, 29th, 32nd
Federation of the Asia–Oceania Perinatal Societies’ Congress6th, 9th
International Anesthesia Research Society Clinical and Scientific Congress76th, 78th, 80th
International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Congress24th
International Conference of Maternity Care Researchers10th
International Congress on Psychosomatic Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology3rd, 5th
International Scientific Meeting of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists4th
International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) European Branch1st
International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) World Branch1st, 2nd, 4th to 16th, 18th
Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology54th, 56th
Maternity Care Researchers International Conference10th
Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology Congress34th, 35th, 38th
Obstetric Anaesthetists Association2005, 2009
Pediatric Academic Society Annual Meeting2004–13
Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Annual Congress4th, 7th
Priorities in Perinatal Care in South Africa2nd, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists International Meeting7th, 10th
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada Annual Meeting49th, 54th, 63rd
Society of Perinatal Obstetricians’ (USA) Annual Meeting3rd, 6th to 10th, 14th, 17th, 18th
Society for Gynecologic Investigation (USA) Annual Program31st, 34th, 37th, 39th, 40th
Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine19th to 22nd, 25th to 32nd, 33rd, 34th
Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Annual Meeting30th, 31st, 33rd, 34th, 37th
Swiss Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics19th to 22nd
World Congress of Perinatal Medicine1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th, 11th
World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics11th to 16th,19th, 20th
World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility4th
World Congress on Twin Pregnancy1st
World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology13th, 15th 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st

Other strategies

Current awareness

(a) ZETOC,The British Library’s Electronic Table of Contents service sends the contents tables, via e-mail, of the journals listed below. The contents are reviewed by the Trials Search Co-ordinator. Hard copies of all possible reports of RCTs/CCTs that are relevant to the scope of the group are obtained, reviewed and added to the register by the Trials Search Co-ordinator if they meet the inclusion criteria.

  • African Journal of Reproductive Health
  • American Journal of Perinatology
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
  • British Journal of Midwifery
  • Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia
  • Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Current Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review
  • Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
  • Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico
  • Giornale Italiano di Ostetricia e Ginecologia
  • Gynakologisch Geburtshilfliche Rundschau
  • Human Reproduction
  • Hypertension in Pregnancy
  • International Journal of Childbirth Education
  • Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
  • JOGC: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada
  • Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction (Paris)
  • Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
  • Journal of Paediatrics Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Journal of Perinatology
  • Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health
  • Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Journal of Reproductive Medicine
  • Journal-New Zealand College of Midwives
  • MCN, The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing
  • MIDIRS Midwifery Digest
  • Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey
  • Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
  • Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia
  • Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia
  • Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Tokogynecologica Praktica
  • Women and Birth
  • Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie.

(b) BioMed Central (www.biomedcentral.com/home/) sends an e-mail alert every 30 days for anything new published in the following:

  • BMC: Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • International Breastfeeding
  • Anything related to the subject areas of pregnancy and childbirth, pediatrics or women’s health.

Specialised register inclusion criteria

Topic scope Controlled trials comparing alternative forms of care used either during pregnancy (but not to terminate early pregnancy) or within 28 days of delivery.

Study design A controlled trial has been defined as a trial involving humans in which allocation to the intervention has either been at random, or by some quasi-random method, such as by alternation, or on the basis of the case record number or date of birth.

These criteria have been applied fairly liberally to avoid excluding potentially useful studies involving concurrent comparisons of alternative policies. In other words, the register includes reports that, if necessary, can subsequently be rejected as methodologically inadequate by a member of the Group preparing a systematic review.

No language restrictions are applied.

Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2016. This work was produced by Alfirevic et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.

Included under terms of UK Non-commercial Government License.

Bookshelf ID: NBK379828

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