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Alfirevic Z, Keeney E, Dowswell T, et al. Which method is best for the induction of labour? A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Aug. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 20.65.)

Which method is best for the induction of labour? A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.
Show detailsDetailed search methods used to maintain and update the Group’s database of trials
The Group’s information specialist:
- Runs a very broad generic preconception, pregnancy, childbirth and immediate postpartum/breastfeeding search that aims to encompass our whole scope. See below for searches run and strategies used.
- Screens the results, gets hard copies of all relevant papers.
- Assigns each paper reporting a RCT/clinical controlled trial (CCT) (by Cochrane definition) to a review topic or topics, depending on the intervention, and adds it to the database with a topic classification number to aid retrieval. The Group has a very detailed topic list.
For this project, all of the papers assigned to the ‘Induction of labour’ topic were identified using the broad classification number for this topic.
Search strategies for the identification of studies
Electronic searches
MEDLINE
This current search strategy is run weekly via OVID MEDLINE and uses the Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying randomised trials in MEDLINE: sensitivity-maximising version (2008 revision) published in chapter 6, section 6.4.11, of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.0.2).
- randomized controlled trial.pt.
- controlled clinical trial.pt.
- randomized.ab.
- placebo.ab.
- drug therapy.fs.
- randomly.ab.
- trial.ab.
- groups.ab.
- or/1-8
- exp Pregnancy/
- exp Pregnancy Complications/
- exp Maternal Health Services/
- exp Fetus/
- exp Fetal Therapies/
- exp Fetal Monitoring/
- exp Prenatal Diagnosis/
- Perinatal Care/
- Labor pain/
- Analgesia, Obstetric/
- exp Obstetric Surgical Procedures/
- Infant, Newborn/
- exp Postpartum Period/
- Breastfeeding/
- or/10-23
- 9 and 24
- exp animals/ not humans.sh.
- 25 not 26
EMBASE
The following search strategy is run weekly via NHS Evidence: Health Information Resources.
- CROSSOVER PROCEDURE/
- allocat$.ti,ab
- (cross ADJ over$).ti,ab
- trial$.ti
- placebo$.ti,ab
- (doubl$ ADJ blind$).ti,ab
- DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE/
- crossover$.ti,ab
- SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE/
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL/
- random$.ti,ab
- 1 OR 3 OR 2 OR 6 OR 4 OR 5 OR 11 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10
- exp PREGNANCY/
- exp PREGNANCY DISORDER/
- exp OBSTETRIC PROCEDURE/
- exp BREAST FEEDING/ OR exp BREAST FEEDING EDUCATION/
- exp CHILDBIRTH/
- CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION/
- (antenatal* OR prenatal* OR puerper* OR postnatal* OR postpartum OR post ADJ partum OR post ADJ natal* OR peripartum).ti,ab
- (prepregnancy OR pre-pregnancy OR “pre pregnancy” OR preconception* OR “pre conception” OR pre-conception* OR “pre conceptionally” OR periconceptional*).ti,ab
- ((preterm OR premature) AND (labor OR labour)).ti,ab
- (eclamp* OR preeclamp* OR pre-eclamp*).ti,ab
- amniocentes*.ti,ab
- (chorion* ADJ vill*).ti,ab
- (breastfe* OR breast-fe* OR breast ADJ fe* OR lactation*).ti,ab
- (cesarean OR caesarean OR cesarian OR caesarian OR cesarien OR caesarien).ti,ab
- (newborn OR new ADJ born OR newborn).ti,ab
- (pregnant OR pregnancy OR pregnancies).ti
- (tocolysis OR tocolytic*).ti,ab
- (fetal OR foetal OR fetus OR foetus).ti,ab
- miscarriage*.ti,ab
- LABOR PAIN/
- OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32
- 12 AND 33
The Cochrane Library [includes Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and Economic Evaluations Databases]
This search is run monthly with each new issue of The Cochrane Library:
#1 MeSH descriptor Pregnancy explode all trees
#2 MeSH descriptor Pregnancy Complications explode all trees
#3 MeSH descriptor Fetal Therapies explode all trees
#4 MeSH descriptor Labor Pain explode all trees
#5 MeSH descriptor Infant, Newborn explode all trees
#6 MeSH descriptor Fetus explode all trees
#7 MeSH descriptor Fetal Development explode all trees
#8 MeSH descriptor Extraembryonic Membranes explode all trees
#9 MeSH descriptor Heart Rate, Fetal explode all trees
#10 MeSH descriptor Placenta explode all trees
#11 MeSH descriptor Placental Function Tests explode all trees
#12 MeSH descriptor Umbilical Cord explode all trees
#13 MeSH descriptor Prenatal Diagnosis explode all trees
#14 MeSH descriptor Uterine Monitoring explode all trees
#15 MeSH descriptor Pelvimetry explode all trees
#16 MeSH descriptor Fetal Monitoring explode all trees
#17 MeSH descriptor Obstetrical Nursing explode all trees
#18 MeSH descriptor Oxytocics explode all trees
#19 MeSH descriptor Tocolytic Agents explode all trees
#20 MeSH descriptor Tocolysis explode all trees
#21 MeSH descriptor Anesthesia, Obstetrical explode all trees
#22 MeSH descriptor Obstetric Surgical Procedures explode all trees
#23 MeSH descriptor Maternal Health Services explode all trees
#24 MeSH descriptor Maternal-Child Nursing explode all trees
#25 MeSH descriptor Analgesia, Obstetrical explode all trees
#26 MeSH descriptor Midwifery explode all trees
#27 MeSH descriptor Perinatal Care explode all trees
#28 MeSH descriptor Parity explode all trees
#29 MeSH descriptor Apgar Score explode all trees
#30 MeSH descriptor Postpartum Period explode all trees
#31 MeSH descriptor Breast Feeding explode all trees
#32 MeSH descriptor Milk, Human explode all trees
#33 pregnan* in All Fields in all products
#34 fetus in All Fields in all products
#35 foetus in All Fields in all products
#36 fetal in All Fields in all products
#37 foetal in All Fields in all products
#38 newborn in All Fields in all products
#39 “new born”
#40 birth or childbirth in All Fields in all products
#41 labor or laboring in All Fields in all products
#42 labour* in All Fields in all products
#43 antepart* in All Fields in all products
#44 prenatal* in All Fields in all products
#45 antenatal* in All Fields in all products
#46 perinatal* in All Fields in all products
#47 postnatal* in All Fields in all products
#48 postpart* in All Fields in all products
#49 caesar* in All Fields in all products
#50 cesar* in All Fields in all products
#51 obstetric* in All Fields in all products
#52 oxytoci* in All Fields in all products
#53 tocoly* in All Fields in all products
#54 placenta* in All Fields in all products
#55 prostaglandin in All Fields in all products
#56 parturi* in All Fields in all products
#57 preeclamp* in All Fields in all products
#58 pre next eclamp* in All Fields in all products
#59 eclamp* in All Fields in all products
#60 intrapart* in All Fields in all products
#61 puerper* in All Fields in all products
#62 episiotom* in All Fields in all products
#63 amnio* in All Fields in all products
#64 matern* in All Fields in all products
#65 gestation* in All Fields in all products
#66 lactati* in All Fields in all products
#67 breastfe* in All Fields in all products
#68 breast next fe* in All Fields in all products
#69 (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48 OR #49 OR #50 OR #51 OR #52 OR #53 OR #54 OR #55 OR #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65 OR #66 OR #67 OR #68)
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
The following search strategy is run weekly via NHS Evidence: Health Information Resources.
- exp CLINICAL TRIALS/
- (clinic* ADJ trial*).ti,ab
- (trebl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
- (tripl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
- (tripl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
- (doubl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
- (doubl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
- (singl* ADJ blind*).ti,ab
- (singl* ADJ mask*).ti,ab
- (randomi* ADJ control* ADJ trial*).ti,ab
- RANDOM ASSIGNMENT/
- (random* ADJ allocat*).ti,ab
- placebo*.ti,ab
- PLACEBOS/
- QUANTITATIVE STUDIES/
- (allocat* ADJ random*).ti,ab
- breastfeeding.ti,ab
- breastfed.ti,ab
- exp BREAST FEEDING/
- breast-fe*.ti,ab
- exp PREGNANCY/
- exp PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS/
- 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16
- (prenatal OR antenatal OR antepartum OR postpartum OR postnatal).ti,ab
- (pregnant OR pregnancy).ti
- ((preterm OR premature) AND (labor OR labour)).ti,ab
- (midwife OR midwifery).ti,ab
- CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION/
- 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 123752.
- 23 AND 29
ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Portal
preconception* or antenatal or prenatal or perinatal or puerperal or puerperium or postnatal or postpartum or peripartum or post-natal or post-partum or ante-natal or ante-partum or obstetric*
Journal and conference proceedings screening and trial identification (hand-searching)
Journals
Acta Anaethesiologica Scandinavica (and supplements) | 1950 and continuing |
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (and supplements) | 1950 and continuing |
Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica | First issue to 1993 |
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | First issue and continuing |
American Journal of Diseases of the Child | 1950 to 1993 |
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 1950 and continuing |
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care | First issue and continuing |
Anaesthesia | 1950 and continuing |
Anesthesia and Analgesia | First issue and continuing |
Anesthesiology | 1950 and continuing |
Archives of Diseases of the Child | 1950–93 |
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | First issue and continuing |
Birth | First issue and continuing |
British Medical Journal | 1950–96 |
British Journal of Anaesthesia | 1950 and continuing |
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | First issue and continuing |
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia | First issue and continuing |
Canadian Medical Association Journal | 1950–96 |
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | First issue to 1998 |
Current Medical Research and Opinion | First issue to 1993 |
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | First issue to 1993 |
Early Human Development | First issue to 1993 |
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology | First issue and continuing |
Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde | 1950 and continuing |
Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | First issue to 1996, 2005 and continuing |
Hypertension in Pregnancy | 2006 and continuing |
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia | 2002 issue 3 to 2005 issue 5 |
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology | First issue and continuing |
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics | First issue and continuing |
International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia | October 1994 to Oct 1995, January 2003 and continuing |
Journal of the American Medical Association | First issue to 1996 |
Journal of the American College of Surgeons | 1950–03 |
Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction | First issue to 1998 |
Journal of Human Lactation | 2001 and continuing |
Journal of International Medical Research | First issue to 1993 |
Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health | First issue and continuing |
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | First issue and continuing |
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research | 2003 and continuing |
Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing | First issue to 1993, 2001–06 |
Journal of Pediatrics | 1950–93 |
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | First issue to 1993 |
Journal of Perinatal Medicine | First issue to 1998 |
Journal of Reproductive Medicine | First issue to 2003 |
Lancet | 1950–96 |
Medical Journal of Australia | 1950–96 |
Midwifery | First issue and continuing |
New England Journal of Medicine | 1950–96 |
Nurse Research | First issue to 1993 |
New Zealand Medical Journal | 1950–96 |
Obstetrics & Gynecology | First issue and continuing |
Pediatric Research | First issue to 93 |
Pediatrics | 1950–93 |
Practitioner | 1950–96 |
Prostaglandins | First issue to 1993 |
Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine | First issue and continuing |
Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia | 2003–06 |
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia | 2001–05 |
South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | First issue to 1993 |
South African Medical Journal | 1950–93 |
Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics | 1950–93 |
Ugeskrift for Laeger | 1950–93 |
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2002 and continuing |
Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie | First issue to 1997 |
Zentrablatt fur Gynakologie | First issue to 1997 |
Conference proceedings
All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 49th, 54th |
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Annual Meeting | 36th, 37th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 55th, 58th |
American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting | 2008, 2009 |
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Annual Spring Meeting | 26th to 28th |
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Annual Fall Meeting | 2002, 2003, 2007 |
Argentinean Congress of Perinatology | 3rd |
Australian Perinatal Society | 14th |
Australian Society of Anaesthetists National Scientific Congress | 58th, 61st |
Birth Conference | 1st to 9th |
British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 23rd, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th |
British Maternal and Fetal Medicine Society | 6th, 10th |
British Paediatric Association Annual Meeting | 14th, 15th, 27th, 60th, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, 65th |
Congress of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 34th |
European Congress of Allied Specialists in Maternal and Neonatal Care | 4th |
European Congress of Obstetrical Anaesthesia and Analgesia | 1st |
European Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 18th |
European Congress of Perinatal Medicine | 5th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 21st |
European Congress on Prostaglandins in Reproduction | 1st, 2nd |
European Congress on Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology | 6th |
European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine | 26th, 29th, 32nd |
Federation of the Asia–Oceania Perinatal Societies’ Congress | 6th, 9th |
International Anesthesia Research Society Clinical and Scientific Congress | 76th, 78th, 80th |
International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Congress | 24th |
International Conference of Maternity Care Researchers | 10th |
International Congress on Psychosomatic Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 3rd, 5th |
International Scientific Meeting of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists | 4th |
International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) European Branch | 1st |
International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) World Branch | 1st, 2nd, 4th to 16th, 18th |
Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 54th, 56th |
Maternity Care Researchers International Conference | 10th |
Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology Congress | 34th, 35th, 38th |
Obstetric Anaesthetists Association | 2005, 2009 |
Pediatric Academic Society Annual Meeting | 2004–13 |
Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Annual Congress | 4th, 7th |
Priorities in Perinatal Care in South Africa | 2nd, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th |
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists International Meeting | 7th, 10th |
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada Annual Meeting | 49th, 54th, 63rd |
Society of Perinatal Obstetricians’ (USA) Annual Meeting | 3rd, 6th to 10th, 14th, 17th, 18th |
Society for Gynecologic Investigation (USA) Annual Program | 31st, 34th, 37th, 39th, 40th |
Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine | 19th to 22nd, 25th to 32nd, 33rd, 34th |
Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Annual Meeting | 30th, 31st, 33rd, 34th, 37th |
Swiss Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics | 19th to 22nd |
World Congress of Perinatal Medicine | 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th, 11th |
World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics | 11th to 16th,19th, 20th |
World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility | 4th |
World Congress on Twin Pregnancy | 1st |
World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology | 13th, 15th 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st |
Other strategies
Current awareness
(a) ZETOC,The British Library’s Electronic Table of Contents service sends the contents tables, via e-mail, of the journals listed below. The contents are reviewed by the Trials Search Co-ordinator. Hard copies of all possible reports of RCTs/CCTs that are relevant to the scope of the group are obtained, reviewed and added to the register by the Trials Search Co-ordinator if they meet the inclusion criteria.
- African Journal of Reproductive Health
- American Journal of Perinatology
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition
- Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
- British Journal of Midwifery
- Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia
- Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Current Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review
- Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
- Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico
- Giornale Italiano di Ostetricia e Ginecologia
- Gynakologisch Geburtshilfliche Rundschau
- Human Reproduction
- Hypertension in Pregnancy
- International Journal of Childbirth Education
- Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
- JOGC: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada
- Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction (Paris)
- Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
- Journal of Paediatrics Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Journal of Perinatology
- Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health
- Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Journal of Reproductive Medicine
- Journal-New Zealand College of Midwives
- MCN, The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing
- MIDIRS Midwifery Digest
- Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey
- Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
- Prenatal Diagnosis
- Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia
- Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia
- Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Tokogynecologica Praktica
- Women and Birth
- Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie.
(b) BioMed Central (www.biomedcentral.com/home/) sends an e-mail alert every 30 days for anything new published in the following:
- BMC: Pregnancy and Childbirth
- International Breastfeeding
- Anything related to the subject areas of pregnancy and childbirth, pediatrics or women’s health.
Specialised register inclusion criteria
Topic scope Controlled trials comparing alternative forms of care used either during pregnancy (but not to terminate early pregnancy) or within 28 days of delivery.
Study design A controlled trial has been defined as a trial involving humans in which allocation to the intervention has either been at random, or by some quasi-random method, such as by alternation, or on the basis of the case record number or date of birth.
These criteria have been applied fairly liberally to avoid excluding potentially useful studies involving concurrent comparisons of alternative policies. In other words, the register includes reports that, if necessary, can subsequently be rejected as methodologically inadequate by a member of the Group preparing a systematic review.
No language restrictions are applied.
- Search strategy: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group - Which method is best ...Search strategy: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group - Which method is best for the induction of labour? A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis
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