| Outcome | Outcome Timing | # Trials (# Subjects); Tool if Applicable | Mean Difference or Standardized Mean Differencea | Strength of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | EOI | 16 (1,155)82-84,89,93-96,98,99,101,105,106,108,110,112 | MD, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.33 to 0.11 | Low for no significant difference |
| HbA1c | 6m followup | 12 (1,463)84,86,88,93,94,100,102-104,108,109,111 | MD, -0.31; 95% CI,-0.47 to -0.15 | Moderate for benefitb |
| HbA1c | 12m followup | 7 (1,333)83,85,102-104,108,111 | MD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.49 to 0.05 | Low for no significant difference |
| HbA1c | >12m followup | 4 (1,138)85,94,103,104 | MD, -0.40; 95% CI, -0.92 to 0.12 (>12m, <24m) MD, -0.08; 95% CI, -1.96 to 1.8 (≥24m) | Low for no significant difference |
| Adherence to diabetes self-management | EOI | 4(282);84,88,93,96 SMBG (tests per day; higher better) 1 (74);82 SDSCA (days per week) 1 (54);108 DSMP (higher scores better) 1 (74);82 DSCI (higher scores better) | MD, 0.15; 95% CI, -0.54 to 0.84 MD, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.35 to 2.43 MD, 5.00; 95% CI, 0.60 to 9.40 MD, 0.22; 95% CI, -0.60 to 1.04 | Low for no significant difference |
| Adherence to diabetes self-management | 6m followup | 5 (252);84,86,88,93,109 SMBG 1 (244);94 SDSCA 2 (471);103,104 DSMP | MD, 0.40; 95% CI, -0.36 to 1.16 MD, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.60 to 0.48 No difference (different measures) | Low for no significant difference |
| Adherence to diabetes self-management | 12m followup | 1 (54);108 DSMP 1 (180);85 skipping one or more doses in past month | MD, 4.00; 95% CI, -1.69 to 9.69 OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.1.38 | Insufficient |
| Adherence to diabetes self-management | >12m followup | 1 (390); SMBG 104 1 (190);85 skipping one or more doses in past month | MD, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.69 to -0.03 (≥24m) OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.17 (24m) | Insufficient |
| Change in body composition (BMI [kg.m-2]) | EOI | 1 (60)89 | MD, 0.08; 95% CI, -0.35 to 0.51 | Insufficient |
| Change in body composition (BMI) [kg.m-2]) | 6m followup | 1 (227)94 | MD, -0.21; 95% CI, -0.62 to 0.20 | Insufficient |
| Change in body composition (kg) | EOI | 1 (61)105 | MD, -0.50; 95% CI, -5.69 to 4.69 | Insufficient |
| Change in physical activity (fitness – VO2 max) | EOI | 1 (43)105 | MD, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.96 | Insufficient |
| Change in physical activity (intensity/duration) | EOI | 2 (91)82,84 | SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, -0.25 to 0.57 | Insufficient |
| Change in physical activity (intensity/duration) | 6m followup | 2 (272)84,94 | SMD, -0.26; 95% CI, -1.00 to 0.49 | Insufficient |
| Change in dietary or nutrient intake (energy [kcal/day]) | EOI | 1 (61)105 | MD, -247.10; 95% CI, -281.7 to -212.5 | Insufficient |
| Change in dietary or nutrient intake (% saturated fat) | EOI | 1 (61)105 | MD, -1.80; 95% CI, -3.53 to -0.07 | Insufficient |
| Generic HRQL | EOI | 7 (474)82,93,95-98,110 | SMD, 0.10; 95% CI, -0.18 to 0.38 | Moderate for no significant difference |
| Generic HRQL | 6m followup | 1 (53)93 | SMD, -0.29; 95% CI, -0.83 to 0.26 | Insufficient |
| Generic HRQL | 12m followup | 2 (405)85,98 | SMD, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.15 | Insufficient |
| Generic HRQL | ≥12m followup | 1 (291)85 | SMD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.27 to 0.19 | Insufficient |
| Diabetes-specific quality of life | EOI | 3 (212)97,110,112 | SMD, 0.08; 95% CI, -1.44 to 1.60 | Insufficient |
| Diabetes distress | EOI | 4 (209)82,84,93,95 | SMD, -0.31; 95% CI, -0.83 to 0.21 | Low for no significant difference |
| Diabetes distress | 6mo followup | 4 (236)84,93,109,111 | SMD, -0.28; 95% CI, -0.94 to 0.38 | Low for no significant difference |
BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DSCI = Diabetes Self Care Inventory; DSMP = Diabetes Self-Management Profile; EOI = end of intervention - <1 month followup (interventions lasted 1.5-25 months); HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HRQL = health-related quality of life; kcal=kilocalories; m=month; MD = mean difference; SDSCA = Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities; SMBG = self-monitoring of blood glucose; SMD = standardized mean difference
Negative values are favorable for MDs or SMDs for HbA1c, change in body composition, change in dietary intake, and diabetes distress.
This point estimate did not meet threshold for clinical significance, although the 95% CI included clinically important difference.
From: Results
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