NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Yoga for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Substance Abuse: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2015 Jun 22.

REFERENCES

1.
Section B: anxiety disorders [Internet]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2015. [cited 2015 Jun 15]. Available from: http://www​.statcan.gc​.ca/pub/82-619-m/2012004​/sections/sectionb-eng.htm.
2.
Pearson C, Janz T, Ali J. Mental and substance use disorders in Canada [Internet]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Sep, 2013. [cited 2015 Jun 15]. Health at a glance. Available from: http://www​.statcan.gc​.ca/pub/82-624-x/2013001​/article/11855-eng.pdf.
3.
Sarris J, Moylan S, Camfield DA, Pase MP, Mischoulon D, Berk M, et al. Complementary medicine, exercise, meditation, diet, and lifestyle modification for anxiety disorders: a review of current evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet] 2012;2012:809653. [cited 2015 Jun 2]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434451. [PMC free article: PMC3434451] [PubMed: 22969831]
4.
Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van Ameringen M, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry [Internet] 2014;14 Suppl 1:S1. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120194. [PMC free article: PMC4120194] [PubMed: 25081580]
5.
Qureshi NA, Al-Bedah AM. Mood disorders and complementary and alternative medicine: a literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat [Internet] 2013;9:639–658. [cited 2015 Jun 2]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660126. [PMC free article: PMC3660126] [PubMed: 23700366]
6.
Sargent PD, Campbell JS, Richter KE, McLay RN, Koffman RL. Integrative medical practices for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Ann [Internet] 2013 Apr;43(4):181–187. [cited 2015 Jun 2]; Available from: http://www​.healio.com​/psychiatry/journals​/psycann/2013-4-43-4​/%7B6f639c98-c014-41c7-abbf-f7728c88c4c3%7D​/integrative-medical-practices-for-combat-related-posttraumatic-stress-disorder.
7.
Coeytaux RR, McDuffie J, Goode A, Cassel S, Porter WD, Sharma P, et al. Evidence map of yoga for high-impact conditions affecting veterans [Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US); Aug, 2014. [cited 2015 Jun 2]. (VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports). Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0068332/ [PubMed: 25254284]
8.
Verrastro G. Yoga as therapy: when is it helpful? J Fam Pract [Internet] 2014 Sep;63(9):E1–E6. [cited 2015 Jun 15]; Available from: http://www​.jfponline​.com/the-publication​/past-issue-single-view​/yoga-as-therapy-when-is-it-helpful​/a7d99625227f77b644142e737f508509.html. [PubMed: 25353034]
9.
Uebelacker LA, Epstein-Lubow G, Gaudiano BA, Tremont G, Battle CL, Miller IW. Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research. J Psychiatr Pract. 2010 Jan;16(1):22–33. [PubMed: 20098228]
10.
Cabral P, Meyer HB, Ames D. Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord [Internet] 2011;13(4) [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219516. [PMC free article: PMC3219516] [PubMed: 22132353]
11.
Louie L. The effectiveness of yoga for depression: a critical literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2014 Apr;35(4):265–276. [PubMed: 24702211]
12.
Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet] 2007;7:10. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles​/PMC1810543/pdf/1471-2288-7-10.pdf. [PMC free article: PMC1810543] [PubMed: 17302989]
13.
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health [Internet] 1998 Jun;52(6):377–384. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles​/PMC1756728/pdf/v052p00377.pdf. [PMC free article: PMC1756728] [PubMed: 9764259]
14.
Brouwers M, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. CMAJ [Internet] 2010 Dec;182(18):E839–E842. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles​/PMC3001530/pdf/182e839.pdf. [PMC free article: PMC3001530] [PubMed: 20603348]
15.
da Silva TL, Ravindran LN, Ravindran AV. Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: A review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2009 Mar;2(1):6–16. [PubMed: 23051013]
16.
Arias AJ, Steinberg K, Banga A, Trestman RL. Systematic review of the efficacy of meditation techniques as treatments for medical illness. J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Oct;12(8):817–832. [PubMed: 17034289]
17.
van der Kolk BA, Stone L, West J, Rhodes A, Emerson D, Suvak M, et al. Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;75(6):e559–e565. [PubMed: 25004196]
18.
Mitchell KS, Dick AM, DiMartino DM, Smith BN, Niles B, Koenen KC, et al. A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial of yoga as an intervention for PTSD symptoms in women. J Trauma Stress. 2014 Apr;27(2):121–128. [PubMed: 24668767]
19.
Dick AM, Niles BL, Street AE, DiMartino DM, Mitchell KS. Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: the influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptoms. J Clin Psychol. 2014 Dec;70(12):1170–1182. [PubMed: 24888209]
20.
Reddy S, Dick AM, Gerber MR, Mitchell K. The effect of a yoga intervention on alcohol and drug abuse risk in veteran and civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 Oct;20(10):750–756. [PMC free article: PMC4195227] [PubMed: 25211372]
21.
Knight M, Pultinas D, Collins S, Sellig C, Freeman DC, Strimaitis C, et al. Teaching mindfulness on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Mindfulness. 2014 Jun;5(3):259–267.
22.
Katzman MA, Vermani M, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP, Iorio C, Davis M, et al. A multicomponent yoga-based, breath intervention program as an adjunctive treatment in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities. Int J Yoga [Internet] 2012 Jan;5(1):57–65. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276935. [PMC free article: PMC3276935] [PubMed: 22346068]
23.
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G. Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2013 Nov;30(11):1068–1083. [PubMed: 23922209]
24.
Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C. Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry [Internet] 2015 Feb 5;15:14. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323231. [PMC free article: PMC4323231] [PubMed: 25652267]
25.
Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Richardson J. Yoga for depression: the research evidence. J Affect Disord. 2005 Dec;89(1–3):13–24. [PubMed: 16185770]
26.
Balasubramaniam M, Telles S, Doraiswamy PM. Yoga on our minds: a systematic review of yoga for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry [Internet] 2013 Jan 25;3:117. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3555015. [PMC free article: PMC3555015] [PubMed: 23355825]
27.
Sharma M, Haider T. Yoga as an alternative and complementary therapy for patients suffering from anxiety: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine [Internet] 2013 Jan;18(1):15–22. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://chp​.sagepub.com/content/19/1/59​.full.pdf+html.
28.
Buttner MM, Brock RL, O'Hara MW, Stuart S. Efficacy of yoga for depressed postpartum women: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015 May;21(2):94–100. [PubMed: 25886805]
29.
Kinser PA, Bourguignon C, Whaley D, Hauenstein E, Taylor AG. Feasibility, acceptability, and effects of gentle Hatha yoga for women with major depression: findings from a randomized controlled mixed-methods study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs [Internet] 2013 Jun;27(3):137–147. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664951. [PMC free article: PMC3664951] [PubMed: 23706890]
30.
Sarubin N, Nothdurfter C, Schüle C, Lieb M, Uhr M, Born C, et al. The influence of Hatha yoga as an add-on treatment in major depression on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity: a randomized trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Jun;53:76–83. [PubMed: 24655586]
31.
Kinser PA, Elswick RK, Kornstein S. Potential long-term effects of a mind-body intervention for women with major depressive disorder: sustained mental health improvements with a pilot yoga intervention. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2014 Dec;28(6):377–383. [PMC free article: PMC4254446] [PubMed: 25457687]
32.
Sureka P, Govil S, Dash D, Dash C, Kumar M, Singhal V. Sudarshan Kriya for male patients with psycho active substance dependence: A randomized control trial. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry [Internet] 2015;16(1):28–37. [cited 2015 May 29]; Available from: http://www​.aseanjournalofpsychiatry​.org/index​.php/aseanjournalofpsychiatry​/article/viewFile/270/182.
33.
Zhuang SM, An SH, Zhao Y. Yoga effects on mood and quality of life in Chinese women undergoing heroin detoxification: a randomized controlled trial. Nurs Res. 2013 Jul;62(4):260–268. [PubMed: 23715475]
34.
Hallgren M, Romberg K, Bakshi AS, Andreasson S. Yoga as an adjunct treatment for alcohol dependence: a pilot study. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Jun;22(3):441–445. [PubMed: 24906582]
35.
Ravindran AV, Lam RW, Filteau MJ, Lespérance F, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. V. Complementary and alternative medicine treatments. J Affect Disord. 2009 Oct;117 Suppl 1:s54–s64. [PubMed: 19666194]
36.
VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of post-traumatic stress [Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2010. [cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www​.healthquality​.va.gov/guidelines​/MH/ptsd/cpgPTSDFULL201011612c.pdf.
37.
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403–439. [PubMed: 24713617]
38.
Non-pharmaceutical management of depression in adults: a national clinical guideline [Internet]. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Jan, 2010. [cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www​.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign114.pdf.
39.
Newham JJ, Wittkowski A, Hurley J, Aplin JD, Westwood M. Effects of antenatal yoga on maternal anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2014 Aug;31(8):631–640. [PubMed: 24788589]
40.
Satyapriya M, Nagarathna R, Padmalatha V, Nagendra HR. Effect of integrated yoga on anxiety, depression & well being in normal pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2013 Nov;19(4):230–236. [PubMed: 24199979]
41.
Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina L. Tai chi/yoga reduces prenatal depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet] 2013 Feb;19(1):6–10. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730281. [PMC free article: PMC3730281] [PubMed: 23337557]
42.
Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina L. Yoga and social support reduce prenatal depression, anxiety and cortisol. J Bodywork Mov Ther. 2013 Oct;17(4):397–403. [PubMed: 24138994]
43.
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Medina L, Delgado J, Hernandez A. Yoga and massage therapy reduce prenatal depression and prematurity. J Bodywork Mov Ther [Internet] 2012 Apr;16(2):204–209. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319349. [PMC free article: PMC3319349] [PubMed: 22464118]
44.
Lavretsky H, Epel ES, Siddarth P, Nazarian N, Cyr NS, Khalsa DS, et al. A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry [Internet] 2013 Jan;28(1):57–65. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423469. [PMC free article: PMC3423469] [PubMed: 22407663]
45.
Mitchell J, Field T, Diego M, Bendell D, Newton R, Pelaez M. Yoga reduces prenatal depression symptoms. Psychology. 2012;3(9A):782–786.
46.
Shahidi M, Mojtahed A, Modabbernia A, Mojtahed M, Shafiabady A, Delavar A, et al. Laughter yoga versus group exercise program in elderly depressed women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;26(3):322–327. [PubMed: 20848578]
47.
Butler LD, Waelde LC, Hastings TA, Chen XH, Symons B, Marshall J, et al. Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. J Clin Psychol. 2008 Jul;64(7):806–820. [PubMed: 18459121]
48.
Krishnamurthy MN, Telles S. Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: effects of yoga and ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. J Gerontol Nurs. 2007 Feb;33(2):17–23. [PubMed: 17310659]
49.
Oretzky S. The effects of yoga on elevated depressive and somatic symptoms in young adults. Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng. 2007;67(9-B):5458.
50.
Vedamurthachar A, Janakiramaiah N, Hegde JM, Shetty TK, Subbakrishna DK, Sureshbabu SV, et al. Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. J Affect Disord. 2006 Aug;94(1–3):249–253. [PubMed: 16740317]
51.
Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswampi U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;49(4):462–468. [PubMed: 16579401]
52.
Woolery A, Myers H, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer L. A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004 Mar;10(2):60–63. [PubMed: 15055096]
53.
Rohini V, Pandey RS, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Vedamuthachar A. A comparative study of full and partial Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in major depressive disorder. NIMHANS J. 2000;18(1–2):53–57.
54.
Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Sudarshan B, Shety KT. Stress-related biochemical effects of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga in depressed patients. Abstract presented at: The Conference on Biological Psychiatry. UN NGO Mental Health Committee; 2000; New York.
55.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord. 2000 Jan;57(1–3):255–259. [PubMed: 10708840]
56.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Shetty KT, Subbakrishna DK, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in dysthymic disorder. NIMHANS J. 1998;16(1):21–28.
57.
Shaffer HJ, LaSalvia TA, Stein JP. Comparing Hatha yoga with dynamic group psychotherapy for enhancing methadone maintenance treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 1997 Jul;3(4):57–66. [PubMed: 9210777]
58.
Khumar SS, Kaur P, Kaur S. Effectiveness of Shavasana on depression among university students. Indian J Clin Psychol. 1993 Sep;20(2):82–87.
59.
Veale D, Le Fevre K, Pantelis C, de Souza V, Mann A, Sargeant A. Aerobic exercise in the adjunctive treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial. J R Soc Med [Internet] 1992 Sep;85(9):541–544. [cited 2015 Jun 19]; Available from: http://www​.ncbi.nlm.nih​.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293641. [PMC free article: PMC1293641] [PubMed: 1433121]
60.
Broota A, Dhir R. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. J Pers Clin Stud. 1990;6(1):83–90.
61.
Sureka P, Govil S, Dash D, Dash C, Kumar M, Singhal V. Effect of Sudarshan Kriya on male prisoners with non psychotic psychiatric disorders: a randomized control trial. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014 Dec;12:43–49. [PubMed: 25440560]
Copyright © 2015 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.

Except where otherwise noted, this work is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Bookshelf ID: NBK304569