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This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of bitumens and their emissions, the N-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benz[a]acridine, benz[c]acridine, dibenz[a,h]acridine, dibenz[a,j]acridine, dibenz[c,h]acridine, carbazole and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, as well as the S-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and dibenzothiophene. Bitumens are produced by distillation of crude oil during petroleum refining, and also occur naturally. Bitumens can be divided into six broad classes, according to their physical properties and specifications required for different applications. The major use (about 80%) of bitumens is for road paving; other uses include roofing, waterproofing, sealing and painting. The term “bitumen” should not be confused with “asphalt”, which refers to the mixture of bitumen (4‐10% by weight), small stones, sand and filler used for road paving. Bitumens are complex mixtures that contain a large number of organic chemical compounds. Application of bitumens may generate emissions (fumes and vapours) that may contain, among volatile and non-volatile compounds, a number of known or probable carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of various occupations that entail exposure to bitumens and bitumen emissions, including road paving, roofing, and application of mastic asphalt, and to various heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Contents
- NOTE TO THE READER
- List of Participants
- PREAMBLE
- GENERAL REMARKS
- Background
- Previous evaluations of the agents covered
- Categorization of bitumens into classes
- The influence of solvents
- The influence of temperature
- Use of coal tar for road paving and roofing
- Studies of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
- Combining data on experimental carcinogenicity and epidemiological findings
- New developments of products and processes
- References
- BITUMENS AND BITUMEN EMISSIONS
- SOME N- AND S-HETEROCYCLIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- Glossary
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.
Corrigenda to Volume 103. (PDF, 69K)
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 11-18 October 2011
Lyon, France - 2013
IARC MONOGRAPHS
In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.
This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work Unit of the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, and since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
This volume was made possible, in part, through Cooperative Agreement CR 834012 with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Bitumens and bitumen emissions, and some N- and S-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2011: Lyon, France)
(IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; v. 103)
1. Carcinogens, Environmental – adverse effects 2. Heterocyclic Compounds – adverse effects 3. Neoplasms – chemically induced 4. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic – adverse effects 5. Vehicle Emissions – toxicity
I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans II. Series
ISBN 978 92 832 1326 0 (NLM Classification: W1)
ISSN 1017-1606
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