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Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.
| Goitrogen | Mechanism |
| Foods | |
| Cassava, lima beans, linseed, sorghum, sweet potato | Contain cyanogenic glucosides; they are metabolized to thiocyanates that compete with iodine for thyroidal uptake |
| Cruciferous vegetables: cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, turnips, rapeseed | Contains glucosinolates; metabolites compete with iodine for thyroidal uptake |
| Soy, millet | Flavonoids impair thyroid peroxidase activity |
| Nutrients | |
| Selenium deficiency | Accumulated peroxides may damage the thyroid, and deiodinase deficiency impairs thyroid hormone synthesis |
| Iron deficiency | Reduces heme-dependent thyroperoxidase activity in the thyroid and may blunt the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis |
| Vitamin A deficiency | Increases TSH stimulation and goiter through decreased vitamin A-mediated suppression of the pituitary TSHβ gene |
From: The Iodine Deficiency Disorders
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