Improved oral hygiene

In order for periodontitis treatment to be able to work, good oral hygiene is essential. This means thoroughly and regularly cleaning your teeth and the gaps between them, as well as taking good care of your gums. Even if the periodontitis has already led to bone loss or tooth loss, regular good oral hygiene can help to keep the rest of the teeth. This is also important if you need dentures, so they can be fixed to teeth with the healthiest possible supportive tissue.

In order to improve your oral hygiene, at the start of the treatment you will be shown how to properly use a toothbrush (electric or normal), interdental brushes and dental floss. To do so, your dentist or a specially trained dental hygienist will dye the plaque on your teeth so that you can see it and learn how to clean your teeth thoroughly. This training in oral hygiene also includes practical exercises. You will usually have to pay for it yourself.

Tartar (calculus) is removed too. Known as scaling, this is done with the help of special hand-held instruments (called scalers or curettes), ultrasound devices or rotating instruments. In Germany, statutory health insurers cover the costs of tartar removal once a year. Protruding edges of fillings and crowns are smoothed down too, if necessary.

The dental practice may also offer professional teeth-cleaning, which you have to pay for yourself. This involves removing hard and soft deposits (tartar and plaque). The cleaned teeth are usually also treated with a fluoride gel or varnish.

Deep cleaning (non-surgical periodontal treatment)

Deep cleaning involves removing bacterial plaque and hardened deposits (tartar or calculus) that have formed below the gum line, on the surfaces of the neck of the teeth, and on the exposed roots of the teeth. A local anesthetic is typically used to numb the area beforehand. This is also known as subgingival scaling and root planing. It is done using special instruments or an ultrasound device, for instance.

Research suggests that this treatment reduces gum bleeding and can help prevent tooth loss.

There is also some initial evidence to suggest that certain types of laser therapy could be promising: Removing bacterial plaque and hard tartar with a laser, or combining conventional deep cleaning with laser therapy, might have advantages. Initial research also suggests that certain photodynamic techniques could have advantages. But it's not yet possible to draw any reliable conclusions about how effective these approaches are.

Sometimes dentists offer the following treatments too, although it's not clear whether they have any benefits:

• Using a gel containing enamel matrix proteins. Enamel matrix proteins are special proteins that are thought to help regenerate (build up) the bone that supports the teeth if periodontitis has led to bone loss.
• Using antiseptic substances (usually chlorhexidine) to stop bacteria from growing again.
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This involves sitting in a pressure chamber and breathing in pure oxygen. Having more oxygen in your blood and body tissues is meant to support the healing process.

Treatment with antibiotics

If the periodontitis is very severe, additional treatment with antibiotics (e.g. tablets) might be considered. But antibiotics won't be effective enough on their own. They are only used if there are good reasons for doing so.

Research suggests that treating severe periodontitis with antibiotic tablets can help to prevent tooth loss in the long term if the patient also has deep cleaning treatment. Initial research also suggests that the antibiotics reduce the inflammation in the gums. It's not clear whether locally applied antibiotics help.

Open surgical procedures

In open surgery, the dentist makes small cuts in the gums where they are inflamed so that they can be pulled away from the teeth (flap surgery). This makes it easier for him or her to get to the root of the tooth and clean it thoroughly. Then the gums are sewn together so that they are once again snug against the teeth. A local anesthetic is needed for this procedure.

It usually takes about a week for the wound to heal. The stitches can then be removed. Sometimes the gums permanently recede somewhat after the operation, making the teeth look a bit "longer." Part of the reason why this happens is because the inflammation and the swelling of the gums goes down.

Research hasn't shown that open surgical procedures are any more effective than "closed" deep cleaning. But more research is needed to be able to draw any reliable conclusions about the pros and cons of open surgery.

In Germany, statutory health insurances sometimes pay for an open surgical procedure to treat severe periodontitis if "closed" deep cleaning and improved oral hygiene hasn't helped enough.

The procedure can be combined with treatments that you have to pay for yourself. For instance, it's possible to combine open surgery with one of the three treatments mentioned below. But there's either a lack of good studies on the effectiveness of these combinations, or the currently available research has found that they don't have any advantages compared to "closed" deep cleaning.

• Osteoplasty: When periodontitis causes bone damage, the bones sometimes have an uneven surface with crater-like pits on them. Osteoplasty is surgery to smooth this uneven surface.
• Barrier membrane: During open surgery, the dentist can also place a special biodegradable membrane between the gums and the tooth. This is done to help bone tissue grow back. The membrane is also meant to prevent the gum tissue from attaching to the root of the tooth before the periodontium has recovered. This procedure is called guided tissue regeneration (GTR).
• Enamel matrix proteins: These "growth proteins" are applied to the damaged bone with the aim of encouraging the bone tissue to grow again.

Follow-up care

In order for periodontitis treatment to be able to work, good oral hygiene afterwards is essential. It can help to prevent the disease from coming back too. You can only stop periodontitis from returning if you also take good care of your teeth and gums at home. This means brushing your teeth at least twice a day and cleaning the gaps between them with an interdental brush or dental floss.

Three to six months after having “closed” deep cleaning treatment, the dentist takes a close look at the teeth and gums again to check whether the treatment has been successful. This examination isn’t always paid for by statutory health insurers (in Germany). If the depth of the gum pockets hasn’t decreased enough, the dentist might clean the part of the teeth under the gum line again or may suggest treatment with open surgery.

As well as this, dentists often recommend having structured follow-up care, known as “supportive periodontal therapy”: This may, for instance, involve going for check-ups twice a year to see how effective the treatment has been so far. The dentist checks how good the patient’s oral hygiene is and whether their gums bleed easily. The patients are also shown how to keep their teeth and gums clean and how to improve their oral hygiene. The supportive periodontal therapy includes professional teeth-cleaning too. Here the dentist removes plaque and tartar that have re-formed above and below the gum line. These parts of the structured follow-up care are not paid for by statutory health insurers in Germany.

There is no reliable research on whether this approach to follow-up care has any benefits.

What helps other people to cope with periodontitis?

Some people who have problems with their gums feel guilty about not doing enough for their oral hygiene or because they continue to smoke even though they know that it's bad for their teeth. They may be worried about losing teeth too.

An understanding dentist can help you and encourage you to stick to your goal of improving your oral hygiene. It is also helpful to stay well-informed and regularly talk with your dentist about how the treatment is going. That includes discussing what is working well and how you might be able to improve your oral hygiene.

Good oral hygiene is absolutely essential for managing periodontitis after the treatment and for keeping the supportive tissues and bone healthy for as long as possible. Having to brush your teeth regularly, using the right technique, and remembering to use interdental brushes and dental floss can be bothersome and sometimes hard to stick to. Introducing daily dental care routines can help you keep it up. Many people say that they find it easier to maintain good oral hygiene when they see how it improves the health of their teeth and gums.

Sources

• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Parodontologie (DG PARO), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK). Adjuvante systemische Antibiotikagabe bei subgingivaler Instrumentierung im Rahmen der systematischen Parodontitistherapie (S3-Leitlinie). AWMF-Registernr.: 083-029. November 2018.
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Parodontologie (DG PARO), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK). Subgingivale Instrumentierung (S3-Leitlinie). AWMF-Registernr.: 083-030. October 2019.
• Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA). Richtlinie des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses für eine ausreichende, zweckmäßige und wirtschaftliche vertragszahnärztliche Versorgung (Behandlungsrichtlinie). March 1, 2006.
• Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG, Germany). Assessment of the systematic treatment of parodontopathies; Commission N15-01. March 5, 2018. (IQWiG reports; Volume 602).
• Karlsson E, Lymer UB, Hakeberg M. Periodontitis from the patient's perspective, a qualitative study. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 7(1): 23-30. [PubMed: 19215308]
• Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet 2005; 366(9499): 1809-1820. [PubMed: 16298220]
• Stenman J, Hallberg U, Wennström JL, Abrahamsson KH. Patients' attitudes towards oral health and experiences of periodontal treatment: a qualitative interview study. Oral Health Prev Dent 2009; 7(4): 393-401. [PubMed: 20011758]

• IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.

  Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations.

  Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.