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In most women, menopause symptoms like hot flashes aren't severe enough to need treatment. Short-term hormone therapy can provide relief in women with severe symptoms. Because of the associated risks, long-term therapy is no longer recommended.
During the years leading up to menopause (perimenopause), women’s bodies make less female sex hormones. They can then no longer become pregnant when they reach menopause. These natural changes are sometimes associated with symptoms like hot flashes (also called hot flushes), sleep problems and mood swings. The symptoms can vary in severity and usually go away on their own after a while.
A number of different treatment options are available for women who are experiencing typical menopause symptoms. But most of them haven't been proven effective. One of the better studied types of treatment is hormone therapy using a combination of estrogen and progestin (synthetic progesterone), or estrogen alone. This is currently the most effective treatment for hot flashes and sweats.
Like with any medication, though: If hormones are effective, they will also have side effects and risks. These will depend on things like the type of hormone therapy and how long it's used for. Short-term treatment is usually enough.
Do hormones need to be replaced?
In the past, a lot of women took hormones during perimenopause and after menopause, sometimes for many years. Treatment with female sex hormones was commonly called hormone replacement therapy or “HRT.” The aim of this treatment was to replace the "missing" hormones. Because it was thought that this only involved putting something natural back into the body, people didn't really expect it to have any side effects.
But the idea that women live in a permanent state of hormone deficiency after menopause turned out to be wrong. The end of fertility has a biological purpose and protects older women from pregnancy, for example. So hormone therapy isn't a “natural replacement,” but a medical treatment. This means that the possible benefits and harms need to be weighed against each other.
Which hormones are used in hormone therapy?
The most common type of hormone therapy combines the hormones estrogen and progestin. Before menopause, both estrogen and progesterone are made in women’s bodies, mainly in the ovaries. Small amounts continue to be produced after the menopause, though – for example in fatty tissue.
Medications containing a combination of these hormones are taken to protect the membranes lining the womb (uterus). Treatment with estrogen alone has been found to very often cause abnormal cell growth in the lining of the womb (the endometrium). This can turn into endometrial cancer (in the lining of the womb) or uterine (womb) cancer in some women. Progestin can prevent the development of such growths.
Women who have had their womb removed (a hysterectomy) usually take estrogen only. This is called monotherapy, or unopposed estrogen therapy.
The synthetic hormone tibolone is another type of hormone therapy. Tibolone has a similar effect to both estrogen and progestin. It is not commonly prescribed in Germany. Research suggests that tibolone can relieve hot flashes, but not as effectively as treatment with a combination of estrogen and progestin can. Side effects include spotting (vaginal bleeding). Long-term treatment with tibolone could increase the risk of recurrence in women who have had breast cancer. It could also increase the risk of a stroke in women over the age of 60.
For a while now, “bio-identical” or “natural” hormones have been marketed more heavily. These are made semi-synthetically out of plant sources, and they have the same molecular structure as human hormones. So they're not safer or more natural than synthetic hormones. These hormones are sometimes available as pre-packaged products, but they can also be prepared by a pharmacist. Then they're often not subjected to quality control checks.
What products are available and how are they used?
Estrogen and progestin combination products
There are now several dozen different hormone products for the treatment of menopause symptoms. They are available in the form of:
- Tablets or capsules to be swallowed
- Nasal sprays
- Patches or gels applied to the skin
- Injections
- Creams, gels, tablets, suppositories or rings to be inserted into the vagina
Some forms of hormone products have to be used more regularly than others: For instance, oral tablets are usually taken every day, while patches will need to be changed once or twice a week. Vaginal rings need to be replaced about every three months.
When estrogens and progestins are combined, there are two possible approaches:
- In “continuous” hormone therapy, women take both hormones every day.
- In “cyclic” hormone therapy, they take only estrogens during one phase, and then take progestins as well as estrogens during the next phase.
Local hormone therapy
When hormone therapy is used directly in the vagina, women usually don't have to use progestin. Applying estrogen medications helps to build up the lining of the vagina, which has become thinner and drier. This locally-applied medication can prevent pain during sex, for instance. It can also reduce urinary incontinence (leaking urine) and overactive bladder symptoms.
Local hormone therapy can cause side effects too, such as spotting and breast tenderness.
How effective is short-term hormone therapy?
Hot flashes
Many good-quality studies have shown that the number of hot flashes and sweats can clearly be reduced by treatment with either estrogen alone or with a combination of estrogen and progestin. Although they don't always go away completely, they are generally milder. Women who are woken at night by hot flashes are likely to sleep better again when on hormone therapy.
The studies that showed this effect lasted about 14 months on average. The women who participated took hormones orally (swallowed them). But other forms like patches are probably just as effective.
Overall, the studies found the following:
- 66 out of 100 women who took a placebo (fake drug) still had hot flashes at the end of the study, compared to only
- 20 out of 100 women who had hormone therapy with estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progestin.
Influence on other symptoms
The studies also showed that hormone therapy can relieve other menopause symptoms such as sleep problems, mood swings or feeling down. And the hormones prevented pain during sex, regardless of whether the medication was swallowed or applied locally. The hormone therapy led to an overall improvement in the women's sex life and quality of life.
Influence on body weight
Studies have shown that weight often increases from middle age onwards – regardless of whether someone takes hormones or not. The hormones don't cause weight gain, but they also don't stop it.
What are the short-term side effects of hormone therapy?
Combinations of estrogen and progestin commonly cause bleeding that is sometimes similar to menstrual bleeding (monthly period). Some women find this bleeding so bothersome that they stop hormone therapy. Hormone therapy can also cause breast tenderness.
What risks are associated with long-term hormone therapy?
In the past, it was thought that hormone therapy prevents diseases that are more common in older age, such as heart disease. But scientific research has since shown that most age-related health problems can’t be prevented by long-term hormone therapy. On the contrary: This treatment increases the risk of developing blood clots, stroke and breast cancer, among other things.
Some risks associated with hormone therapy already increase shortly after starting the treatment, and other risks only increase gradually over time. This was the conclusion of a review of 22 studies with more than 43,000 participants in total. The biggest of the studies, involving about 27,000 participants, is known as the “Women’s Health Initiative Study (WHI).” The hormone therapy in this study was stopped earlier than originally planned, after about five to seven years, when it became clear that the treatment had more disadvantages than advantages. But the researchers still followed the participants for several years afterwards, to find out whether the treatment had any later effects.
The following table shows how common certain health problems are in women who have long-term hormone therapy after menopause. The figures were mostly taken from the findings of the “Women’s Health Initiative Study.”
Hormone therapy with a combination of estrogen and progestin was found to have the following disadvantages after eight years:
Health problem | Frequency when taking estrogen and progestin | Frequency without hormone therapy (placebo) | Disadvantage in |
---|---|---|---|
Thromboembolism | 25 out of 1,000 women | 15 out of 1,000 women | 10 out of 1,000 women |
Stroke | 19 out of 1,000 women | 14 out of 1,000 women | 5 out of 1,000 women |
Breast cancer | 33 out of 1,000 women | 26 out of 1,000 women | 7 out of 1,000 women |
If women take a combination of estrogen and progestin for longer than five years, their risk of breast cancer will probably stay higher even after they stop hormone therapy. Also, one analysis showed that women who have long-term hormone therapy are more likely to develop dementia.
Women who only used estrogen didn't have a higher risk of breast cancer. But they had a similar increased risk of stroke and thromboembolism as women who used a combination of estrogen and progestin did.
What are the advantages of long-term hormone therapy?
The research suggests that long-term hormone therapy can prevent bone fractures. The following advantage was found after eight years:
Bone fractures occurred in
- 126 out of 1,000 women who had treatment with estrogen and progestin, and in
- 154 out of 1,000 women who didn't have hormone therapy (were given a placebo).
Some analyses of the studies also suggest that hormone therapy could lower the risk of bowel cancer somewhat.
What can you do if the symptoms are severe?
If you have severe menopause-related problems, it's a good idea to carefully weigh the pros and cons of hormone therapy together with your doctor. If you decide to use hormones, the treatment should be as short as possible, using the lowest dose possible.
What happens when you stop taking hormones?
Surprisingly, there's currently no clear answer to this question. The effects might be different in different women: For instance, longer-term hormone therapy might help some women through the hormonal transition, reducing the associated symptoms during that time. Then they won't have any symptoms when they stop hormone therapy. In other women, the hormone therapy might just delay these hormonal changes, so the symptoms will start up again after the end of the therapy.
In one U.S. study involving more than 8,000 women, the participants took hormones for about six years on average in order to treat menopause symptoms such as hot flashes. After the treatment was stopped, more than half of the women had hot flashes and sweats again.
It is also possible to use such low doses of hormones that the symptoms are still noticeable but no longer a real problem. This gives women the opportunity to notice if their symptoms improve or go away altogether. Then they can talk with their doctor about stopping the hormone therapy.
Sources
- Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (3): CD002229. [PMC free article: PMC10183715] [PubMed: 25754617]
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM). Risikoinformationen: BfArM informiert über neue Ergebnisse zur Hormontherapie mit Tibolon nach den Wechseljahren. 2005.
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (OEGGG), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (SGGG). Peri- und Postmenopause - Diagnostik und Interventionen (S3-Leitlinie). AWMF-Registernr.: 015-062. 2020.
- Formoso G, Perrone E, Maltoni S et al. Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (10): CD008536. [PMC free article: PMC6458045] [PubMed: 27733017]
- Furness S, Roberts H, Marjoribanks J et al. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women and risk of endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (8): CD000402. [PMC free article: PMC7039145] [PubMed: 22895916]
- Grant MD, Marbella A, Wang AT et al. Menopausal Symptoms: Comparative Effectiveness of Therapies. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews; No. 147). 2015.
- Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (8): CD001500. [PMC free article: PMC7076628] [PubMed: 27577677]
- MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (4): CD002978. [PMC free article: PMC7004247] [PubMed: 15495039]
- Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (1): CD004143. [PMC free article: PMC6465148] [PubMed: 28093732]
- Nelson HD. Commonly used types of postmenopausal estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: scientific review. JAMA 2004; 291(13): 1610-1620. [PubMed: 15069049]
- Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB et al. Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin. JAMA 2005; 294(2): 183-193. [PubMed: 16014592]
- Robert Koch-Institut (RKI), Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Hormontherapie bei (post-)menopausalen Frauen in Deutschland 2007. Studienergebnisse zu Nutzen, Risiken und Versorgungsrealität (Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes). Berlin: RKI; 2008.
- Whelan AM, Jurgens TM, Trinacty M. Defining bioidentical hormones for menopause-related symptoms. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2011; 9(1): 16-22. [PMC free article: PMC4132968] [PubMed: 25132885]
- Zhang GQ, Chen JL, Luo Y et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science 2021; 18(8): e1003731. [PMC free article: PMC8366967] [PubMed: 34339416]
IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.
Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. informedhealth.org can provide support for talks with doctors and other medical professionals, but cannot replace them. We do not offer individual consultations.
Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.
- Do hormones need to be replaced?
- Which hormones are used in hormone therapy?
- What products are available and how are they used?
- How effective is short-term hormone therapy?
- What are the short-term side effects of hormone therapy?
- What risks are associated with long-term hormone therapy?
- What are the advantages of long-term hormone therapy?
- What can you do if the symptoms are severe?
- What happens when you stop taking hormones?
- Sources
- Menopause: Learn More – Hormone therapy for menopause - InformedHealth.orgMenopause: Learn More – Hormone therapy for menopause - InformedHealth.org
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