Excerpt

Polymicrobial Diseases is a collection of chapters from investigators researching a variety of diseases with multiple etiologies. These diseases can be categorized as those originating from polyviral infections, polybacterial infections, viral and bacterial infections, and polymicrobial mycotic infections, and those that result in immunosuppression. The book begins with a section on an integrated view of polymicrobial diseases in animals and humans, including a representative list of these diseases, the etiologic agents, and the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis (chapter 1). Also included in this section is a chapter on the in vitro methods for the study of polymicrobial diseases (chapter 2). Section II contains information on polyviral infections in animals (chapter 3), infections with multiple hepatotropic viruses (chapter 4), multiple retroviral infections (chapter 5), and viruses associated with multiple sclerosis (chapter 6). Section III discusses polybacterial infections, including bacterial vaginosis (chapter 7), periodontal disease (chapter 8), abscesses (chapter 9), and atrophic rhinitis in swine (chapter 10). Section IV comprises polymicrobial diseases involving viruses and bacteria. These are infections seen in respiratory diseases in humans (chapter 11) and animals (chapters 12 and 13), otitis media (chapter 14), and intestinal disorders (chapter 15). The emerging role of viruses in periodontal disease is also discussed (chapter 16). Section V discusses polymicrobial infections involving fungi (chapter 17) and Candida interactions with bacterial biofilms (chapter 18). Section VI focuses on polymicrobial diseases that result from microbe-induced immunosuppression (chapter 19), which often allows other microbes to become established (chapter 20). In conclusion, section VII summarizes the state of polymicrobial infections in animals and humans (chapter 21).

Contents

• Contributors
• Preface
• Part I. Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Polymicrobial Diseases of Animals and Humans
    Kim A. Brogden.
    • Historical Perspective
    • Etiologic Agents
    • Models
    • Common Underlying Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 2. Continuous-Culture Chemostat Systems and Flowcells as Methods to Investigate Microbial Interactions
    David R. Drake and Kim A. Brogden.
    • In Vitro Models
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Part II. Polyviral Diseases
  • Chapter 3. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Mixed Infection
    Steven R. Bolin.
    • Mucosal Disease: A Mixed Infection of BVDV
    • Mixed Infections with BVDV in Respiratory Disease
    • Mixed Infections with BVDV in Enteric or Reproductive Disease
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 4. Infections with Multiple Hepatotropic Viruses
    Robert P. Myers, Vlad Ratziu, Yves Benhamou, Vincent Di Martino, Joseph Moussalli, Marie Hélène Tainturier, and Thierry Poynard.
    • Etiologic Agents
    • Coinfections with Hepatotropic Viruses
    • Treatment
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 5. Concomitant Infections with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2
    Abelardo Araujo, Noreen Sheehy, Hidehiro Takahashi, and William W. Hall.
    • Epidemiology and Modes of Transmission
    • HTLV-1 Clinical Features and Influence of HIV-1 Infection
    • HTLV-2 Clinical Features and Influence of HIV-1 Infection
    • Influence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection on HIV-1 Infection
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 6. Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis
    Donatella Donati and Steven Jacobson.
    • Clinical Features
    • Neuropathology
    • Mechanism of MS Pathogenesis
    • Animal Models
    • Human Models of Virus-induced Demyelination
    • Genetic and Environmental Factors in MS Susceptibility
    • Viruses Associated with MS
    • Possible Links between Viral Infections and Autoimmunity
    • MS Therapy
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Part III. Polybacterial Diseases
  • Chapter 7. Bacterial Vaginosis as a Mixed Infection
    Phillip E. Hay.
    • Prevalence
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment and Complications
    • Natural History and Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology
    • Microbiology
    • Complications
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 8. Periodontal Diseases
    Janet M. Guthmiller and Karen F. Novak.
    • Overview of Dental Plaque Development
    • Pathogenic Potential of Periodontal Pathogens
    • Adherence, Colonization, and Growth
    • Interference with Host Defenses
    • Tissue Penetration and Invasion
    • Damage to the Host
    • Innate Host Response
    • Adaptive Host Response
    • The Host Response: A Double-edged Sword
    • Nonbacterial Risk Factors in Periondontal Disease
    • Periodontal Therapy
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 9. Abscesses
    Itzhak Brook.
    • The Role of Normal Flora in Polymicrobial Abscesses
    • The Microbiology of Abscesses of Endogenous Origin
    • Virulence of Anaerobic Bacteria
    • Encapsulation of Anaerobic Bacteria in Mixed Infection and Abscesses
    • Encapsulated Anaerobic Bacteria in Clinical Infections and Abscesses
    • Capsule Formation in Experimental Abscesses
    • Significance of Anaerobic Bacteria in Abscesses Mixed with Other Flora
    • Synergy between Anaerobic and Aerobic or Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria in Abscesses
    • Mechanisms of Synergy
    • References
  • Chapter 10. Atrophic Rhinitis
    Tibor Magyar and Alistair J. Lax.
    • The Disease
    • Virulence Determinants Expressed by B. bronchiseptica
    • Virulence Determinants Expressed by P. multocida
    • Atrophic Rhinitis and Bone Metabolism
    • The Interaction between B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Part IV. Polymicrobial Diseases Involving Viruses and Bacteria
  • Chapter 11. Cooperation between Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Causing Human Respiratory Disease
    Harry Smith and Clive Sweet.
    • Observations on Natural Disease
    • Proof That Viruses Cooperate with Bacteria in Producing Disease
    • Mechanisms of Cooperation
    • Summary and Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 12. Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle
    Douglas C. Hodgins, Jennifer A. Conlon, and Patricia E. Shewen.
    • Bovine Respiratory Viruses
    • Bacterial Pneumonia in Cattle
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 13. Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
    Susan L. Brockmeier, Patrick G. Halbur, and Eileen L. Thacker.
    • Etiological Agents
    • PRRSV
    • SIV
    • PRCV
    • PRV
    • PCV
    • Mechanisms of Disease Pathogenesis
    • Methods of Treatment
    • Summary and Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 14. Otitis Media
    Lauren O. Bakaletz.
    • Infection and Etiologic Agents
    • Animal Models
    • Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
    • Methods of Treatment
    • Summary and Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 15. Mixed Infections of Intestinal Viruses and Bacteria in Humans
    John A. Marshall.
    • Bacterial Agents of Gastroenteritis in Humans
    • Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis in Humans
    • Incidence and Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Mixed Viral-Bacterial Infections in Humans
    • Mechanisms of Mixed Viral-Bacterial Infections in the Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 16. Interactions between Herpesviruses and Bacteria in Human Periodontal Disease
    Jørgen Slots.
    • Periodontal Disease
    • Periodontal Infections
    • Herpesviruses
    • Herpesviruses in Periodontal Disease
    • Pathogenic Mechanisms of Herpesviruses in Periodontal Disease
    • Herpesvirus-Bacterium-Host Response Interactions in Periodontitis
    • Conclusion and Perspectives
    • References
• Part V. Polymicrobial Diseases Involving Fungi
  • Chapter 17. Mixed Mycotic Infections
    David R. Soll.
    • Candida Sp. Commensalism
    • Mixed Candida sp. and Bacterial Carriage
    • Carriage of Multiple Candida Species
    • Carriage of Multiple Candida Strains and Susbstrains
    • Recurrent Candida sp. Infections
    • Mixed Fungal and Bacterial Infections
    • Mixed Fungal Species Infections
    • Mixed Fungal Strain and Substrain Infections
    • Phenotypic Heterogeneity through Switching: The Last Form of Mixed Infection
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 18. Interactions between Candida Species and Bacteria in Mixed Infections
    Howard F. Jenkinson and L. Julia Douglas.
    • Introduction
    • Candida–Mixed-Species Infections
    • Mixed-Species Colonization
    • Treatment and Management
    • Summary and Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• Part VI. Polymicrobial Diseases as a Result of Microbe-induced Immunosuppression
  • Chapter 19. Virus-induced Immunosuppression
    Jane E. Libbey and Robert S. Fujinami.
    • Introduction
    • Measles Virus-induced Immunosuppression
    • Potential Therapies
    • Summary
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 20. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leishmania Species
    Raul E. Isturiz and Eduardo Gotuzzo.
    • HIV Infection and AIDS
    • References
• Part VII. Concluding Perspective
  • Chapter 21. Polymicrobial Diseases: Current and Future Research
    Kim A. Brogden and Janet M. Guthmiller.
    • New Polymicrobial Diseases
    • Etiologic Agents
    • Mechanisms of Polymicrobial Disease Pathogenesis
    • Prophylaxis and/or Treatment of Polymicrobial Diseases
    • Conclusions
    • References