| Mechanism | Experimental Endpoints | References |
|---|---|---|
| Genotoxic | Oxidized bases | Chao et al. (1996), Fung et al. (1997) |
| DNA breaks | Reviewed in Jaurand (1996) | |
| Aneuploidy | Reviewed in Jaurand (1996), Jensen et al. (1996) | |
| Mutations | Park and Aust (1998) | |
| Deletions | Reviewed in Hei et al. (2000) | |
| Nongenotoxic | ||
| Mitogenic | Target cell proliferation | BéruBé et al. (1996), Goldberg et al. (1997) |
| Binding to or activation of surface receptors | Boylan et al. (1995), Pache et al. (1998) | |
| Growth factor expression | Liu et al. (1996), Brody et al. (1997) | |
| Activation of signaling pathways | Reviewed in Mossman et al. (1997), Manning et al. (2002) | |
| Cytotoxic | Apoptosis | Broaddus et al. (1996), Goldberg et al. (1997), Levresse et al. (1997) |
| Necrosis | Reviewed in Kane (1996) |
SOURCE: Bernstein et al. (2005).
From: 5, Biological Aspects of Asbestos-Related Diseases
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