| 3. Problems of the neonate and young infant | 3.1 Routine care of the newborn at delivery | Among healthy newborn infants in low- and middle-income countries (P), does early skin-to-skin contact of the baby with the mother in the first hour of life (I) compared with drying and wrapping (C) have an impact on neonatal mortality, hypothermia or initiation/exclusivity/ duration of breastfeeding (O)? |
| 3.3 Routine care for all newborn babies after delivery | For all neonates (P), should vitamin K prophylaxis (I) be given for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding (O)? |
| 3.5 Management of the child with perinatal asphyxia | For neonates requiring prolonged resuscitation and at risk of HIE (P), should head or body cooling (I) be initiated to prevent death and sequelae (O)? |
| 3.7 Serious bacterial infections | For young infants (0-2 months) with suspected sepsis managed in health facilities (P), should third generation cephalosporin monotherapy (I) replace currently recommended ampicillin-gentamicin combination (C) as first line empiric treatment for preventing death and sequelae (O)? |
| 3.10 Babies with low birth weight | In low-birth-weight/pre-term neonates in health facilities (P), are plastic wraps or caps used immediately after birth (I) more effective than conventional care (C) in preventing hypothermia (O)? |
| In low-birth-weight/pre-term neonates in health facilities (P), is skin to skin contact immediately after birth (I) more effective than conventional care (C) in preventing hypothermia (O)? |
| In low-birth-weight/pre-term neonates in health facilities (P), is Kangaroo Mother Care (I) more effective than conventional care (C) in reducing mortality and/or morbidity (O)? |
| 3.11 Necrotising enterocolitis | For young infants with suspected NEC (P), what is the effectiveness of different parenteral antibiotics (I, C) in preventing progression and sequelae (O)? |
| 3.12 Other common neonatal problems | For term, preterm and SGA neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (P), when should the options of exchange transfusion be performed or phototherapy be instituted (I, C), depending on day of life (T), in preventing morbidity and sequalae (O)? |
| 3.13 Babies of mothers with infections | Among term/near term newborn infants born to mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection (P), does the use of immediate prophylactic antibiotic (I), compared to selective use of antibiotics (C) have an impact on neonatal mortality and/or on neonatal sepsis (O)? |
| 4. Cough or difficulty breathing | 4.2 Pneumonia | In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the most effective antibiotic therapy (I, C) for very severe pneumonia (O)? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the most effective antibiotic therapy (I,C) for severe pneumonia (O)? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the most effective antibiotic regimen (I, C) for treatment of non-severe pneumonia (O)? |
| For children aged 2–59 months (P), should antibiotics be given (I,C) for non-severe pneumonia and wheeze (O)? |
| 4.4 Conditions presenting with wheeze | In children 2–59 months of age (P), should oral salbutamol be used as a bronchodilator (I,C) to relieve acute wheeze and bronchoconstriction (O)? |
| 5. Diarrhoea | 5.4 Dysentery | For children less than 5 years of age with bloody diarrhoea (P), what is the effectiveness of the recommended antibiotic regimen (I) in preventing death or limiting complications (O)? |
| 6. Fever | 6.3 Meningitis | In children aged 2–59 months in developing countries (P), which parenteral antibiotic or combination of antibiotics (I), at what dose and duration, is effective for the treatment of suspected bacterial meningitis in hospital in reducing mortality and sequelae (O)? |
| 6.6 Typhoid fever | In children with typhoid fever, (P), what are the most effective antibiotics (I, C), in preventing severe morbidity or preventing complications and death (O)? |
| 6.7 Ear infections | In children with acute otitis media, (P), are antibiotics more effective than placebo (I, C), in reducing duration of illness and clinical course (O)? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what should be the first line antibiotic treatment (I) for chronic otitis media? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the effectiveness of local topical antiseptics (I) in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the effectiveness of topical steroids (I) in the treatment of chronic otitis suppurative media? |
| 7. Severe malnutrition | 7.5 Treatment of associated conditions | In children with acute severe malnutrition (P), are antibiotics (I) effective in preventing death and sequelae (O)? |
| 10. Supportive care | 10.7 Oxygen therapy | In children aged 2–59 months with acute lower respiratory tract infection (P), which clinical signs (D) best indicate hypoxaemia (O)? |
| In infants and children in low-resource settings (P), what is the most appropriate method (D) of detecting hypoxaemia in hospitals (O)? |
| In infants and children with lower respiratory tract infections with hypoxaemia (P), what is the effectiveness of administering oxygen (I)? |
| Among, children with lower respiratory tract infection (P), what are the best cut off oxygen saturation levels (D), at different altitudes that will determine hypoxaemia requiring oxygen therapy (O)? |
| In children aged 2–59 months (P), what is the safest and most effective way of delivering oxygen (I,C) to improve oxygenation and prevent complications (O)? |
| What are the most effective criteria for starting and stopping oxygen therapy? |
| Treatment of hypoglycaemia | In fully conscious children with hypoglycaemia (P) what is the effectiveness of administering sublingual sugar (I)? |
| Appendix 4 | | In children with shock (P), what is the most appropriate choice of intravenous fluid therapy (I) to prevent death and sequelae (O)? |
