Table 44.1, Convincing and Probable Relationships between Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Chronic Diseases - Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries

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Dietary and lifestyle factors	CVD	Type 2 diabetes	Cancer	Dental disease	Fracture	Cataract	Birth defects	Obesity	Metabolic syndrome	Depression	Sexual dysfunction
Avoid smoking	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓		↑			↓
Pursue physical activity	↓	↓	↓		↓			↓	↓	↓	↓
Avoid overweight	↓	↓	↓		↑	↓			↓		↓
*Diet*
Consume healthy types of fats^a	↓	↓							↓
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables	↓		↓		↓	↓	↓	↓
Replace refined grains with whole grains	↓	↓						↓	↓
Limit sugar intake^b	↓	↓		↓				↓	↓
Limit excessive calories								↓	↓
Limit sodium intake	↓

: Source: Authors' summary of a review by the WHO and FAO 2003; Bacon and others 2003; Fox 1999; IARC 2002.
: Note: Bold = convincing; Standard = probable relation; ↑ = increase in risk; ↓ = decrease in risk.
: a. Replace trans and saturated fats with mono- and polyunsaturated fats, including a regular source of N-3 fatty acids.
: b. Includes limiting sugar-based beverages.

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition.

Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors.

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