NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
Structured Abstract
Background:
“Bundled payment” is a method in which payments to health care providers are related to the predetermined expected costs of a grouping, or “bundle,” of related health care services. The intent of bundled payment systems is to decrease health care spending while improving or maintaining the quality of care.
Purpose:
To systematically review studies of the effects of bundled payment on health care spending and quality, and to examine key design and contextual features of bundled payment programs and their association with program effectiveness.
Data Sources:
Electronic literature search of PubMed® and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 1985 and 2011.
Study Selection:
Title and abstract review followed by full-text review to identify studies that assessed the effect of bundled payment on health care spending and/or quality.
Data Extraction:
Two authors independently abstracted data on study design, intervention design, context, comparisons, and findings. Reviewers rated the strength of individual studies as well as the strength and applicability of the body of evidence overall. Differences between reviewers were reconciled by consensus. Studies were categorized by bundled payment program and narratively summarized.
Data Synthesis:
We reviewed 58 studies, excluding studies of the Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System, for which we reviewed 4 review articles. Most studies (57 of 58) were observational or descriptive; 1 study employed randomization of providers, and none employed random assignment of patients to treatment and control groups. The included studies examined 20 different bundled payment interventions, 16 of which focused on single institutional providers. The introduction of bundled payment was associated with: (1) reductions in health care spending and utilization, and (2) inconsistent and generally small effects on quality measures. These findings were consistent across different bundled payment programs and settings, but the strength of the body of evidence was rated as low, due mainly to concerns about bias and residual confounding. Insufficient evidence was available to identify the influence of key design factors and most contextual factors on bundled payment effects.
Limitations:
Most of the bundled payment interventions studied in reviewed articles (16/20) were limited to payments to single institutional providers (e.g., hospitals, skilled nursing facilities) and so have limited generalizability to newer programs including multiple provider types and/or multiple providers. Exclusion criteria and the search strategy we used may have omitted some relevant studies from the results. The review is limited by the quality of the underlying studies. The interventions studied were often incompletely described in the reviewed articles.
Conclusions:
There is weak but consistent evidence that bundled payment programs have been effective in cost containment without major effects on quality. Reductions in spending and utilization relative to usual payment were less than 10 percent in many cases. Bundled payment is a promising strategy for reducing health spending. However, effects may not be the same in future programs that differ from those included in this review.
Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Technical Expert Panel
- Peer Reviewers
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Methods
- Topic Selection
- Input From Stakeholders
- Criteria for Inclusion/Exclusion of Studies in This Review
- Searching for the Evidence: Literature Search Strategies for Identification of Relevant Studies To Answer the Key Questions
- Data Abstraction and Data Management
- Assessment of Methodological Quality of Individual Studies
- Data Synthesis
- Grading the Evidence for Each Key Question
- Applicability
- Results
- Summary and Discussion
- References
- Acronyms
- Appendix A. Summary of Evidence From Reviewed Studies
- Appendix B. Included Studies
- Appendix C. Studies Excluded at Full-Text Review
- Appendix D. Strength of Evidence
Suggested citation:
Hussey PS, Mulcahy AW, Schnyer C, Schneider EC. Bundled Payment: Effects on Health Care Spending and Quality. Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 208. (Prepared by the RAND Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10062-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 12-E007-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. August 2012. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23970/AHRQEPCERTA208.1.
This report is based on research conducted by the RAND Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10062-I). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents; the findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The information in this report is intended to help health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of health care services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for the application of clinical judgment. Anyone who makes decisions concerning the provision of clinical care should consider this report in the same way as any medical reference and in conjunction with all other pertinent information, i.e., in the context of available resources and circumstances presented by individual patients.
This report may be used, in whole or in part, as the basis for development of clinical practice guidelines and other quality enhancement tools, or as a basis for reimbursement and coverage policies. AHRQ or U.S. Department of Health and Human Services endorsement of such derivative products may not be stated or implied.
None of the investigators have any affiliations or financial involvement that conflicts with the material presented in this report.
- 1
540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850; www
.ahrq.gov
- Medicare's Bundled Payment Initiatives for Hospital-Initiated Episodes: Evidence and Evolution.[Milbank Q. 2020]Medicare's Bundled Payment Initiatives for Hospital-Initiated Episodes: Evidence and Evolution.Yee CA, Pizer SD, Frakt A. Milbank Q. 2020 Sep; 98(3):908-974. Epub 2020 Aug 21.
- Is There An Association Between Bundled Payments and "Cherry Picking" and "Lemon Dropping" in Orthopaedic Surgery? A Systematic Review.[Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021]Is There An Association Between Bundled Payments and "Cherry Picking" and "Lemon Dropping" in Orthopaedic Surgery? A Systematic Review.Bernstein DN, Reitblat C, van de Graaf VA, O'Donnell E, Philpotts LL, Terwee CB, Poolman RW. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021 Nov 1; 479(11):2430-2443.
- Review Association of bundled payments with spending, utilization, and quality for surgical conditions: A scoping review.[Am J Surg. 2024]Review Association of bundled payments with spending, utilization, and quality for surgical conditions: A scoping review.Hider AM, Gomez-Rexrode AE, Agius J, MacEachern MP, Ibrahim AM, Regenbogen SE, Berlin NL. Am J Surg. 2024 Mar; 229:83-91. Epub 2023 Dec 14.
- Mandatory Medicare Bundled Payment Program for Lower Extremity Joint Replacement and Discharge to Institutional Postacute Care: Interim Analysis of the First Year of a 5-Year Randomized Trial.[JAMA. 2018]Mandatory Medicare Bundled Payment Program for Lower Extremity Joint Replacement and Discharge to Institutional Postacute Care: Interim Analysis of the First Year of a 5-Year Randomized Trial.Finkelstein A, Ji Y, Mahoney N, Skinner J. JAMA. 2018 Sep 4; 320(9):892-900.
- Review Unraveling the Complexity in the Design and Implementation of Bundled Payments: A Scoping Review of Key Elements From a Payer's Perspective.[Milbank Q. 2020]Review Unraveling the Complexity in the Design and Implementation of Bundled Payments: A Scoping Review of Key Elements From a Payer's Perspective.Steenhuis S, Struijs J, Koolman X, Ket J, VAN DER Hijden E. Milbank Q. 2020 Mar; 98(1):197-222. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
- Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science (Vol. 1: Bundled Pa...Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science (Vol. 1: Bundled Payment: Effects on Health Care Spending and Quality)
- Stereotactic Body Radiation TherapyStereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
- Future Research Needs for First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Childr...Future Research Needs for First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Children and Young Adults
- Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stres...Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Relationship Between Use of Quality Measures and Improved Outcomes in Serious Me...Relationship Between Use of Quality Measures and Improved Outcomes in Serious Mental Illness
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...