BioProject

Introduction: Breast milk (BM) in comparison to Bovine Formula (BF), has unique properties. More...

Introduction: Breast milk (BM) in comparison to Bovine Formula (BF), has unique properties. In the newborn intestine, there is ahomeostatic balance between the counterparts of the immune system, which allows a physiologic inflammation. The Intestinal Microbiota (IM) modulated by diet in the first months is known to modulate this balance. Many studies have attempted to understand the effect of BF versus BM, and the changes in the IM, but very few focusing also on the intestinal epithelia. Based on stool analysis, we assessed whether there are changes in the first three months of life regarding intestinal inflammation in infants fed with BM or BF and its association with the IM.Methods: Cohort study of newborn infants during their three first months. Stool samples were taken; at 1 and 3 months (T1 and T3). From stool, we quantified mRNA of Interleukin (IL)‐8 and IL‐1β by RT‐qPCR, and IL‐8 and calprotectin by ELISA. IM composition was determined by High Throughput DNA sequencing.Results: 15 BM and 10 BF infants included. IL‐8 and IL‐1β gene were significant elevated in BF compared to BM at T1 not at T3. Calprotectin in BF was significant elevated compared to BM at T1, not at T3. IL-8 was undetectable at T1 and T3. IM analyses reveal Phylum Bacteroidetes was higher in BM compared to BF whereas Firmicutes were higher in the BF group. Redundancy analysis and ANOVA showed BM has a statistically different community structure compared to BF at T1 but not at T3. Analysis of the Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of BF compared to BM at T1, showed a higher representation of; Enterococus, Estreptococus, Enterobacter, Lactococus and Propinebacterium.Conclusions: Using a non‐invasive method we found a basal state of inflammation in the infant's intestine based on IL‐8, IL‐1β and calprotectin. Infants receiving BF exhibited higher levels of inflammation compared to BM and a different intestinal microbiota higher in Enterobacteriae, especially in the 1st month of life which could be associated with the inflammation. These results might confer BM a protective role in ameliorating inflammation, probably modulating the IM and the intestinal homeostasis in the infant. Less...