The process of intracellular uncoating of virions occurs in the cytoplasm and the viral nucleic acid is delivered to the cell cytoplasm, the site of mRNA transcription.

Transcription: Virus transcription is temporally regulated. Early genes are expressed during genome uncoating. Non-structural proteins involved in transcription. The viral genome is transcribed from the viral sense strand from the 3' end, or from the 5' end.

The viral genome is transcribed by a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into 2 mRNA(s) (N and L mRNA). The transcribed mRNAs are subgenomic in a viral-complementary sense. Viral mRNA(s) is/are transcribed with no overlaps; in an ambisense coding arrangement; synthesized from all RNA segments.

Specific termination sequences have been identified. Termination is caused by characteristic GC-rich, strongly base-paired stem loop-structure.

Coding Strategy of Segment 1: RNA-L exhibits an ambisense coding strategy. That encode(s) structural proteins. Encodes 2 structural protein(s), namely a polymerase complex (L protein, and Z protein). Structural proteins are encoded in the viral-complementary sense sequence.

Coding Strategy of Segment 2: RNA-S. Exhibits an ambisense coding strategy. Contains 2 ORF(s). Encode(s) structural proteins. Encodes 2 structural protein(s). The sequence encodes GPC a glycoprotein precursor and a non-glycosylated polypeptide (N). The sequence encodes GPC. Structural proteins are encoded in the viral sense sequence. Part of sequence. Acts as a template for synthesis of viral mRNA. A non-glycosylated polypeptide. N. Translational units do not overlap. Sequence has a. Intergenic non-coding region can form hairpin configuration(s).

Translation: Envelope glycoproteins. Are modified by post-translational processes. Are processed to contain complex glycans. Including proteolytic cleavage. Post-translational processes occur during transport. To the plasma membrane.

The genome replicates in the cytoplasm. Genome replication involves RNA-directed RNA synthesis; occurs through a single stranded replicative intermediate involving a rolling circle mechanism. The rolling circle mechanism generates complementary intermediate forms referred to as the antigenome. The process of genome replication may involve a slippage mechanism during initiation of transcription termination signals. At an early stage, templates are involved in the sysnthesis of a full-length RNA replication. Replication in vitro is sensitive to amantadine, alpha-amanitin, glucosamine, and thiosemicarbazones.

Replication cycle The virus has the ability to form gene reassortment. Gene reassortment occurs during mixed infections; involving virus of the same strain; involving virus from a different species; but not between a different; species. Reassortment includes genomic sequence segments that are diploid, or multiploid.

The precursor of envelope protein is found in the infected cell cytoplasm. Viral proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm. Virions accumulate in the cell cytoplasm.

Assembly and Egress: Capisd proteins assemble with viral nucleic acid to form the virion. Viruses assemble at the cell membrane.

Maturation: Virions mature by budding through and by fusion with plasma membranes on the cell surface in the vicinity of ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Release: Host cells remain intact. Virus is released from host cell by budding through the cell membrane; and acquisition of an envelope. Virus is released from host cell without causing death. The virus envelope is acquired from the host cell by budding off the cell membrane and is assembled in the cytoplasm.