The canal network in cortical bone is an indispensable basis of bone vascularity, and its structure changes according to bone growth. Using monochromatic synchrotron radiation microCT (SRmicroCT), we evaluated the structural change of the canal network in growing rat tibiae and the response of this network to disuse. Tibiae were harvested from both hindlimbs of 9- and 14-week-old male Wistar rats subjected to unilateral sciatic neurectomy (SN) at 6 weeks of age (W9, n=8; W14, n=8) and from intact hindlimbs of 6-week-old rats (W6, n=8). Images of distal diaphyseal segments were reconstructed by SRmicroCT with a voxel size of 5.83 mum and then translated into local mineral densities using a calibrated relation between linear absorption coefficients and the concentration of K(2)HPO(4) solution. The canal network was segmented by simple thresholding at a bone mineral density of 0.82 g.cm(-3) and its structural properties were determined. In intact hindlimbs, the canal network showed a biphasic change with growth, as represented by increases followed by decreases in canal volume fraction (Ca.vol.f), the density of canals running longitudinally (Ca.num.d), and the density of canal connections (Ca.con.d): Ca.vol.f=2.2, 3.1, and 1.8%, Ca.num.d=77, 98, and 70 mm(-2), and Ca.con.d=18, 41, and 21 mm(-3) in W6, W9, and W14, respectively. In SN hindlimbs, bone growth deceleration was accompanied by a 16% smaller Ca.vol.f and a 22% smaller Ca.con.d in W9 and a 27% smaller Ca.vol.f, a 12% smaller Ca.num.d, and a 39% smaller Ca.con.d in W14 than those in intact hindlimbs. Furthermore, the canal branching structure became more treelike in SN hindlimbs. The effect of SN on the canal network appeared mainly in the periosteal sector of the anteriolateral cortex in W9 and spread throughout the cortex in W14. These findings will lead to a better understanding of microcirculation in cortical bone growth.