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Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists.

Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, Hatsukami TS, Higashida RT, Johnston SC, Kidwell CS, Lutsep HL, Miller E, Sacco RL; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):2276-93. Epub 2009 May 7. Review.PMID: 19423857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Ethnic variation in adverse cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding complications in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study.

Mak KH, Bhatt DL, Shao M, Hankey GJ, Easton JD, Fox KA, Topol EJ.

Am Heart J. 2009 Apr;157(4):658-65. Epub 2008 Nov 6.PMID: 19332192 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Relation between aspirin dose, all-cause mortality, and bleeding in patients with recent cerebrovascular or coronary ischemic events (from the BRAVO Trial).

Aronow HD, Califf RM, Harrington RA, Vallee M, Graffagnino C, Shuaib A, Fitzgerald DJ, Easton JD, Van de Werf F, Diener HC, Ferguson J, Koudstaal PJ, Amarenco P, Theroux P, Davis S, Topol EJ.

Am J Cardiol. 2008 Nov 15;102(10):1285-90. Epub 2008 Sep 15.PMID: 18993142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Incomplete inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis by acetylsalicylic acid: determinants and effect on cardiovascular risk.

Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Thom J, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Montalescot G, Johnston SC, Steinhubl SR, Mak KH, Easton JD, Hamm C, Hu T, Fox KA, Topol EJ; Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) Investigators.

Circulation. 2008 Oct 21;118(17):1705-12. Epub 2008 Oct 6.PMID: 18838564 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).

Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P; American College of Chest Physicians.

Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):630S-669S.PMID: 18574275 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Mortality, kidney disease and cardiac procedures following acute coronary syndrome.

Inrig JK, Patel UD, Briley LP, She L, Gillespie BS, Easton JD, Topol EJ, Szczech LA.

Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Mar;23(3):934-40. Epub 2007 Nov 4.PMID: 17984102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Risk for cardiovascular outcomes among subjects with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and greater-than-normal estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Inrig JK, Gillespie BS, Patel UD, Briley LP, She L, Easton JD, Topol E, Szczech LA.

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Nov;2(6):1215-22. Epub 2007 Oct 17.PMID: 17942781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial.

Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Fabry-Ribaudo L, Hu T, Topol EJ, Fox KA; CHARISMA Investigators.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 May 15;49(19):1982-8. Epub 2007 Apr 11.PMID: 17498584 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Dipyridamole plus aspirin for stroke prevention.

Easton JD.

Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jul;5(7):553-4. No abstract available. PMID: 16781983 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Statin use and sex-specific stroke outcomes in patients with vascular disease.

Bushnell CD, Griffin J, Newby LK, Goldstein LB, Mahaffey KW, Graffagnino CA, Harrington RA, White HD, Simes RJ, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Easton JD.

Stroke. 2006 Jun;37(6):1427-31. Epub 2006 Apr 27.PMID: 16645137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events.

Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Flather MD, Haffner SM, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Brennan DM, Fabry-Ribaudo L, Booth J, Topol EJ; CHARISMA Investigators.

N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20;354(16):1706-17. Epub 2006 Mar 12.PMID: 16531616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Thrombolytic therapy increases the frequency of death and intra-cranial hemorrhage in survivors of ischemic stroke.

Easton JD.

Evid Based Cardiovasc Med. 1998 Mar;2(1):25. No abstract available. PMID: 16379789 [PubMed]Related articles

A global view of atherothrombosis: baseline characteristics in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial.

Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Flather MD, Haffner SM, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Booth J, Topol EJ; CHARISMA Investigators.

Am Heart J. 2005 Sep;150(3):401. Erratum in: Am Heart J. 2006 Jan;151(1):247. PMID: 16169314 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Reversible carotid artery narrowing in morning glory disc anomaly.

Murphy MA, Perlman EM, Rogg JM, Easton JD, Schuman JS.

J Neuroophthalmol. 2005 Sep;25(3):198-201. Erratum in: J Neuroophthalmol. 2005 Dec;25(4):340. Easton, Donald J [corrected to Easton, J Donald]. PMID: 16148627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Impact of postgraduate medical education on recognition of stroke.

Maron BA, Dansereau LM, Maron BJ, Easton JD.

Cardiol Rev. 2005 Mar-Apr;13(2):73-5.PMID: 15705256 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.

Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P.

Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):483S-512S. Review.PMID: 15383482 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group V: medical decision making and therapy.

Creager MA, Jones DW, Easton JD, Halperin JL, Hirsch AT, Matsumoto AH, O'Gara PT, Safian RD, Schwartz GL, Spittell JA; American Heart Association.

Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21):2634-42. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 15173046 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Discussion: Reconsideration of TIA terminology and definitions.

Easton JD, Albers GW, Caplan LR, Saver JL, Sherman DG; TIA Working Group.

Neurology. 2004 Apr 27;62(8 Suppl 6):S29-34. No abstract available. PMID: 15111655 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Stroke Best Practices: a team approach to evidence-based care.

Alberts MJ, Easton JD.

J Natl Med Assoc. 2004 Apr;96(4 Suppl):5S-20S. Review.PMID: 15104312 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Are patients with acutely recovered cerebral ischemia more unstable?

Johnston SC, Easton JD.

Stroke. 2003 Oct;34(10):2446-50. Epub 2003 Sep 4.PMID: 12958326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management: a call to action.

Belch JJ, Topol EJ, Agnelli G, Bertrand M, Califf RM, Clement DL, Creager MA, Easton JD, Gavin JR 3rd, Greenland P, Hankey G, Hanrath P, Hirsch AT, Meyer J, Smith SC, Sullivan F, Weber MA; Prevention of Atherothrombotic Disease Network.

Arch Intern Med. 2003 Apr 28;163(8):884-92. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 12719196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Evidence with antiplatelet therapy and ADP-receptor antagonists.

Easton JD.

Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16 Suppl 1:20-6. Review.PMID: 12698015 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Transient ischemic attack--proposal for a new definition.

Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, Fayad PB, Mohr JP, Saver JL, Sherman DG; TIA Working Group.

N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 21;347(21):1713-6. No abstract available. PMID: 12444191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Clopidogrel plus aspirin for stroke prevention.

Alberts MJ, Easton JD.

Stroke. 2002 Nov;33(11):2546-7; author reply 2546-7. No abstract available. PMID: 12411639 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Cerebral ischemia in pregnancy.

Wilterdink JL, Easton JD.

Adv Neurol. 2002;90:51-62. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 12068464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Do we really need a better way to give heparin in acute cerebral ischemia?

Hart RG, Easton JD.

Stroke. 2002 Mar;33(3):659-60. No abstract available. PMID: 11872882 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Future perspectives for optimizing oral antiplatelet therapy.

Easton JD.

Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11 Suppl 2:23-8. Review.PMID: 11316919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P.

Chest. 2001 Jan;119(1 Suppl):300S-320S. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 11157656 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Dipyridamole Plus Aspirin in Cerebrovascular Disease.

Easton JD, Wilterdink JL.

Arch Neurol. 2000 Jul;57(7):1086-1087. No abstract available. PMID: 10892001 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related articles

Design of the blockade of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor to avoid vascular occlusion (BRAVO) trial.

Topol EJ, Easton JD, Amarenco P, Califf R, Harrington R, Graffagnino C, Davis S, Diener HC, Ferguson J, Fitzgerald D, Shuaib A, Koudstaal PJ, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, Willerson JT, Chan R, Samuels R, Ilson B, Granett J.

Am Heart J. 2000 Jun;139(6):927-33.PMID: 10827369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Antiplatelet therapy: views from the experts.

Easton JD, Diener HC, Bornstein NM, Einhäupl K, Gent M, Kaste M, Sacco RL, Tijssen JG, van Gijn J.

Neurology. 1999;53(7 Suppl 4):S32-7. Review.PMID: 10532646 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Dipyridamole plus aspirin in cerebrovascular disease.

Wilterdink JL, Easton JD.

Arch Neurol. 1999 Sep;56(9):1087-92.PMID: 10488809 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack : a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association.

Wolf PA, Clagett GP, Easton JD, Goldstein LB, Gorelick PB, Kelly-Hayes M, Sacco RL, Whisnant JP.

Stroke. 1999 Sep;30(9):1991-4. No abstract available. PMID: 10471455 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Clinical aspects of the use of clopidogrel, a new antiplatelet agent.

Easton JD.

Semin Thromb Hemost. 1999;25 Suppl 2:77-82. Review.PMID: 10440429 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

Albers GW, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P.

Chest. 1998 Nov;114(5 Suppl):683S-698S. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9822071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Hart RG, Sherman DG, Easton JD, Cairns JA.

Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3):674-81. Review.PMID: 9748009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

What have we learned from recent antiplatelet trials?

Easton JD.

Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3 Suppl 3):S36-8. Review.PMID: 9744831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Cardiac evaluation of stroke patients.

Wilterdink JL, Furie KL, Easton JD.

Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3 Suppl 3):S23-6. Review.PMID: 9744828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Current advances in the management of stroke.

Easton JD.

Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3 Suppl 3):S1-2. No abstract available. PMID: 9744822 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Thrombolysis for stroke.

Easton JD.

Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998 Jul-Aug;8(4):191-7. No abstract available. PMID: 9684057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Severe preeclampsia/eclampsia: hypertensive encephalopathy of pregnancy?

Easton JD.

Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998 Jan-Feb;8(1):53-8. No abstract available. PMID: 9645984 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association.

Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, Whittemore AD, Harbaugh RE, Dempsey RJ, Caplan LR, Kresowik TF, Matchar DB, Toole JF, Easton JD, Adams HP Jr, Brass LM, Hobson RW 2nd, Brott TG, Sternau L.

Circulation. 1998 Feb 10;97(5):501-9. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9490248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association.

Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, Whittemore AD, Harbaugh RE, Dempsey RJ, Caplan LR, Kresowik TF, Matchar DB, Toole J, Easton JD, Adams HP Jr, Brass LM, Hobson RW 2nd, Brott TG, Sternau L.

Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):554-62. No abstract available. PMID: 9480580 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

The carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy trial (CASET)

Clagett GP, Barnett HJ, Easton JD.

Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Oct;5(5):454-6. No abstract available. PMID: 9464597 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

American Heart Association Prevention Conference. IV. Prevention and Rehabilitation of Stroke. Risk factors.

Sacco RL, Benjamin EJ, Broderick JP, Dyken M, Easton JD, Feinberg WM, Goldstein LB, Gorelick PB, Howard G, Kittner SJ, Manolio TA, Whisnant JP, Wolf PA.

Stroke. 1997 Jul;28(7):1507-17. No abstract available. PMID: 9227708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

American Heart Association Prevention Conference. IV. Prevention and Rehabilitation of Stroke. Etiology of stroke.

Mohr JP, Albers GW, Amarenco P, Babikian VL, Biller J, Brey RL, Coull B, Easton JD, Gomez CR, Helgason CM, Kase CS, Pullicino PM, Turpie AG.

Stroke. 1997 Jul;28(7):1501-6. No abstract available. PMID: 9227707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Stroke research: recent and future.

Easton JD.

Med Health R I. 1997 May;80(5):159-62. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9150681 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Performance of carotid ultrasound in evaluating candidates for carotid endarterectomy is optimized by an approach based on clinical outcome rather than accuracy.

Wilterdink JL, Feldmann E, Easton JD, Ward R.

Stroke. 1996 Jun;27(6):1094-8.PMID: 8650720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Early treatment of stroke with monosialoganglioside GM-1. Efficacy and safety results of the Early Stroke Trial.

Lenzi GL, Grigoletto F, Gent M, Roberts RS, Walker MD, Easton JD, Carolei A, Dorsey FC, Rocca WA, Bruno R, et al.

Stroke. 1994 Aug;25(8):1552-8.PMID: 8042206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Cerebral ischemia.

Wilterdink JL, Easton JD.

Adv Neurol. 1994;64:1-11. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 8291460 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles