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Spectrum bias or spectrum effect? Subgroup variation in diagnostic test evaluation.

Mulherin SA, Miller WC.

Ann Intern Med. 2002 Oct 1;137(7):598-602.PMID: 12353947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Spectrum bias--why clinicians need to be cautious when applying diagnostic test studies.

Willis BH.

Fam Pract. 2008 Oct;25(5):390-6. Epub 2008 Sep 1.PMID: 18765409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Spectrum bias: a quantitative and graphical analysis of the variability of medical diagnostic test performance.

Goehring C, Perrier A, Morabia A.

Stat Med. 2004 Jan 15;23(1):125-35. Erratum in: Stat Med. 2005 Jun 15;24(11):1782. PMID: 14695644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Measurement of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of non-invasive diagnostic testing strategies for deep vein thrombosis.

Goodacre S, Sampson F, Stevenson M, Wailoo A, Sutton A, Thomas S, Locker T, Ryan A.

Health Technol Assess. 2006 May;10(15):1-168, iii-iv. Review.PMID: 16707072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Correcting for verification bias in studies of a diagnostic test's accuracy.

Zhou XH.

Stat Methods Med Res. 1998 Dec;7(4):337-53. Review.PMID: 9871951 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

A methodological framework to distinguish spectrum effects from spectrum biases and to assess diagnostic and screening test accuracy for patient populations: application to the Papanicolaou cervical cancer smear test.

Elie C, Coste J; French Society of Clinical Cytology Study Group.

BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008 Feb 21;8:7.PMID: 18291032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

A methodological review of how heterogeneity has been examined in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy.

Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kirby J, Roderick P.

Health Technol Assess. 2005 Mar;9(12):1-113, iii. Review.PMID: 15774235 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

A randomized trial of ways to describe test accuracy: the effect on physicians' post-test probability estimates.

Puhan MA, Steurer J, Bachmann LM, ter Riet G.

Ann Intern Med. 2005 Aug 2;143(3):184-9.PMID: 16061916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Evaluation of bias in diagnostic-test sensitivity and specificity estimates computed by discrepant analysis.

Green TA, Black CM, Johnson RE.

J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb;36(2):375-81.PMID: 9466744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Using a combination of reference tests to assess the accuracy of a new diagnostic test.

Alonzo TA, Pepe MS.

Stat Med. 1999 Nov 30;18(22):2987-3003.PMID: 10544302 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Determining the area under the ROC curve for a binary diagnostic test.

Cantor SB, Kattan MW.

Med Decis Making. 2000 Oct-Dec;20(4):468-70.PMID: 11059479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Basic principles on selection and use of diagnostic tests: properties of diagnostic tests.

Carneiro AV.

Rev Port Cardiol. 2001 Dec;20(12):1267-74. English, Portuguese. PMID: 11865687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Advantages to transforming the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve into likelihood ratio co-ordinates.

Johnson NP.

Stat Med. 2004 Jul 30;23(14):2257-66.PMID: 15236429 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research. Getting better but still not good.

Reid MC, Lachs MS, Feinstein AR.

JAMA. 1995 Aug 23-30;274(8):645-51.PMID: 7637146 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

A nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator for the receiver operating characteristic curve area in the presence of verification bias.

Zhou XH.

Biometrics. 1996 Mar;52(1):299-305.PMID: 8934599 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Statistics in the pathology laboratory: characteristics of diagnostic tests.

Empson MB.

Pathology. 2001 Feb;33(1):93-5. Review.PMID: 11280616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

[Evaluation of immunologic diagnostic tests in amebiasis: diagnosis or bias? A critical review of the literature]

Garduño-Espinosa J, Martínez-García MC, Gómez-Delgado A, Mejía Arangure JM, Ortega Alvarez M, Rendón-Macías E, Robles-Pérez E, Muñoz-Hernández O.

Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1990;21 Suppl 1:277-84. Review. Spanish. PMID: 2136498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections--2002.

Johnson RE, Newhall WJ, Papp JR, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL, Steece R, Markowitz LE, Devine OJ, Walsh CM, Wang S, Gunter DC, Irwin KL, DeLisle S, Berman SM.

MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Oct 18;51(RR-15):1-38; quiz CE1-4.PMID: 12418541 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article

Evaluation of the clinical accuracy of laboratory tests.

Zweig MH.

Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988 Apr;112(4):383-6.PMID: 3355338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articles

Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Cook RL, Hutchison SL, Østergaard L, Braithwaite RS, Ness RB.

Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jun 7;142(11):914-25. Review.PMID: 15941699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related articlesFree article