Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
The mechanisms of teratogenic effects of ethanol in Japanese medaka embryogenesis were investigated by testing the hypothesis that ethanol or its metabolite ameliorates the expression of ethanol metabolizing enzymes. We have previously demonstrated that ethanol is unable to alter the expression pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) mRNA, the first enzyme of ethanol metabolism, in medaka embryos during development. We, therefore, extended our investigation to aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) system, the next enzyme of alcohol metabolic pathway. As the first step towards studying the regulation of Aldh mRNA expression by ethanol, we have cloned a cDNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) liver representing the medaka ALDH9 gene product, with a coding region of 1515 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequences share 81.2% identity with cod liver betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, EC 1.2.1.8), and 71.1% identity with human ALDH9A1 sequences. RT-PCR analysis further showed that in adults Aldh9 mRNA is constitutively expressed in all organs tested (brain, eye, gill, GI, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, skin, testis and ovary). Using semi-quantitative (rRT-PCR) and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), we detected Aldh9 mRNA at all time points of development and the expression was lowest between approximately 1 and 8 h post-fertilization (hpf). Treatment of the embryos with ethanol for 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) attenuates (delayed) the expression of Aldh9 mRNA. This delayed expression of Aldh9 mRNA by ethanol may enhance acetaldehyde concentration in the embryo and induce teratogenesis during development.