Official Symbol: AGTprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8)provided by HGNC
Primary Source: HGNC:333
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000135744; HPRD:00106; MIM:106150
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: ANHU; FLJ92595; FLJ97926; SERPINA8; AGT
Summary: The protein encoded by this gene, pre-angiotensinogen or angiotensinogen precursor, is expressed in the liver and is cleaved by the enzyme renin in response to lowered blood pressure. The resulting product, angiotensin I, is then cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to generate the physiologically active enzyme angiotensin II. The protein is involved in maintaining blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and preeclampsia. Mutations in this gene are associated with susceptibility to essential hypertension, and can cause renal tubular dysgenesis, a severe disorder of renal tubular development. Defects in this gene have also been associated with non-familial structural atrial fibrillation, and inflammatory bowel disease. [provided by RefSeq]

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	1.	Left-ventricular hypertrophy caused by exercise training is exacerbated in homozygous TT individuals with angiotensinogen polymorphism.
	2.	data indicate that Ang II promotes lung fibrosis by increasing the matrix formation, which was suppressed by AT1 receptor blocker.
	3.	De novo CML patients had increased ACE, angiotensinogen and renin mRNA levels and these expression levels decreased following administration of imatinib.
	4.	Ang II activates ERK5 via the AT1/PKC/PKD pathway and revealed a critical role of ERK5 in Ang II-induced human aortic smooth muscle cells hypertrophy.
	5.	AGT M235T and T174M variants in combination may play a role in the genetic predisposition to develop essential hypertension in the Hani minority of China.
	6.	Angiotensinogen variant genotypes were associated specifically with hemorrhage-related preterm delivery.
	7.	Activation of ERK5 in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of human aortic smooth muscle cells
	8.	role of angiotensin-mediated signaling in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in blood pressure regulation[review]
	9.	distinct biological effects of Angiotensin II 3-8 fragment, denoted as Angiotensin IV, and high affinity Ang IV binding to the AT(4) receptor. [review]
	10.	recent advances in the understanding of Ang II actions which lead to the development of insulin resistance and its implications for diabetes[review]
	11.	Angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and AGT G-6A, but not AGT T174M or renin-4063C/T SNPs, were significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke.
	12.	mechanism of activation of NADPH oxidases by Ang II and the molecular targets of ROS in Ang II signaling in the vasculature, kidney and brain [review]
	13.	This study investigates the possible links between angiotensinogen (AGT M235T), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and PAI-1 genotypes with chronic allograft dysfunction.
	14.	Both AGT variants do not predispose to the progression of fibrosis in chronic liver disease.
	15.	Linkage peaks were typically found in regions previously identified in linkage studies and/or containing proposed candidate genes for alcoholism including AGT, OPRD1, and PDYN.
	16.	Data suggest that TGF-beta1 up-regulates angiotensinogen transcription through a mechanism that requires both JunD and HIF-1alpha binding to the AGT core promoter, and that a molecular mechanism links hypoxia signaling and fibrogenic stimuli in the lung.
	17.	In this study, the TT genotype, T allele carriage and T allele frequency of the AGT M235T gene were lower in chronic periodontitis compared with the healthy group but the differences were found to be statistically similar.
	18.	These data indicated that angiotensin II induces collagen gene activation in human dermal fibroblasts through an AT1-mediated AP-1/TGF-beta1 signaling pathway.
	19.	Endogenous AGT system in human neurons is described.
	20.	Genetic variants in the angiotensinogen, angiotensin II type 1 receptor and alpha-adducin genes may contribute to loss of renal function in the general female Caucasian population.
	21.	Mas, MrgD, and MRG mediated Ang IV-stimulated AA release that was highest for Mas. While Ang III activated Mas and MrgX2, Ang II stimulated AA release via Mas and MRG.
	22.	In diabetic women in this cohort, AGT 235T-allele was associated with coronary heart disease. Sex may modify associations between AGT 235T and CHD in type 2 diabetes.
	23.	Neither the AGT TT genotype nor the T allele were associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy in either sex after adjusting for confounding factors
	24.	Angiotensinogen gene G-6A polymorphism influences idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease progression
	25.	interaction between AngII and osteoprotegerin in aneurysm formation. Activation of PPARgamma may have a role in treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
	26.	these results suggest that Ang II mediates an increase in MMP 2 activity in macrovascular endothelial cells through signal transduction pathways dependent on PI3K and Src-family tyrosine kinases activation, as well as JNK and FAK phosphorylation.
	27.	Angiotensinogen receptor 1166A > C and angiotensiongen Met235Thr polymorphisms were not associated with migraine or migraine-specific subgroups.
	28.	The data suggest a combined effect among the polymorphisms of the Renin-Angiotensin-System genes including angiotensinogen on mortality in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing dialysis.
	29.	The vasoactive peptide angiotensin-(1-7), its receptor Mas and the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 are expressed in the human endometrium.
	30.	HuGE review of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	31.	Data show that the GA genotypes of -6G/A may increase the development of deep venous thrombosis and the -20A/-6G/174T haplotype may be a risk factor of DVT.
	32.	There is a single-gene effect of the angiotensinogen (AGT) promoter haplotypes on brachial properties and plasma renin activity.
	33.	Increased angiotensinogen production in epicardial adipose tissue during cardiac surgery: possible role in a postoperative insulin resistance.
	34.	ANG II inhibited hOAT1 activity through activation of PKCalpha, which led to the redistribution of the transporter from the cell surface to the intracellular compartments.
	35.	reduction of cerebral blood flow in the peripheral region of the middle cerebral artery after occlusion was markedly exaggerated in human renin/angiotensinogen trangenic mice
	36.	Urinary AGT (UAGT)is increased in hypertensive patients
	37.	Results do not indicate an association of the AGT gene with pre-eclampsia.
	38.	A haplotype of human angiotensinogen gene containing -217A increases blood pressure in transgenic mice compared with -217G.
	39.	First-rate psychological process as creativeness and polymorphism of the gene of angiotensinogene was demonstrated.
	40.	The risk of diabetes associated with ACE inhibitor use was not significantly modified by the AGT-M235T polymorphism.
	41.	The variant allele of THBS2 is a risk factor for TAA in hypertensive patients, whereas the variant alleles of HSPA8, GPX1, AGT, and TNF are protective against this condition.
	42.	meta-analysis expands the findings on hypertension by showing that the presence of the T allele of the angiotensinogen gene is associated with an increased risk to develop preeclampsia/eclampsia
	43.	A possible synergistic effect to salt-sensitive hypertension was found by combining endothelin receptor type B with angiotensinogen genotypes
	44.	Mean postnatal active plasma(umbilical vein) angiotensin I level in the Fetal growth restriction infants was significantly higher than normal infants
	45.	study investigated whether the AGT M235T polymorphism influences the cross-sectional relation of blood pressure with sodium in a large, free-living population of men and women
	46.	May induce coronary atherosclerotic disease formation by stimulating coronary artery smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation.
	47.	reduced levels of intrathecal angiotensin II may be related to the abnormal neural damage and repair processes in multiple sclerosis
	48.	in vascular endothelial cells both CF6 (coupling factor 6) and Angiotensin II downregulate PECAM-1 (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule) expression via activation of c-Src kinase
	49.	The angiotensinogen 235TT variant predicts premature blunting of renal vascular responsiveness among young hypertensive patients.
	50.	The 235T allele polymorphism of Angiotensinogen gene (AGT) increases the risk of coronary artery disease associated with the presence of hypercholesterolemia.
	51.	the presence of the T allele of the M235T polymorphism in the AGT is associated with self-reported hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
	52.	USF1 functionally and differentially regulates AGT expression via the -20 polymorphism and that the differential expression exhibited by -20 can be accounted for by differential association with USF1.
	53.	Established liver fibrosis patients had an improvement in necroinflammatory index after pirfenidone treatment when correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and angiotensinogen-6 genotypes.
	54.	Results suggest a significant association between MM genotype of AGT M235T polymorphism and mitral valve prolapse in young Han Chinese men.
	55.	activated glomerular AGT expression is likely involved in elevated local ang II production and, thereby, may contribute to increased TGF-beta production and development of glomerular injury in IgA nephropathy
	56.	T174M, M235T, G-6A, A-20C, G-152A and G-217A polymorphisms not associated with atrial fibrillation in single-locus analyses, but global haplotype profile associated with AF
	57.	Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphism at AGT M235T is a strong predictor for early microalbuminuria in young type 1 diabetic subjects.
	58.	There are no differences in the frequencies of the AGT amino acid substitution genotypes between Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nephropathy.
	59.	These findings suggest that the AGT gene is involved in the aetiology of symptoms of depression in men.
	60.	pooled odds ratio of the present meta-analysis, including our own data, presented evidence that there is an increase in the risk of coronary heart disease conferred by the M235T variant of the AGT gene
	61.	Compared with double noncarriers (angiotensinogen -20aa and ACE II), double heterozygotes (ac-I/D genotype), and double homozygotes (cc-DD) had hazard ratios for atrial fibrillation of 1.2(0.9-1.6; P=0.06) and 2.4(1.4-4.1; P=0.001).
	62.	ACE-2 protects against lung fibrogenesis by limiting the local accumulation of the profibrotic peptide ANG II.
	63.	These results suggest that AGN polymorphism predicts hypertension, and iridological constitutional classification enhances the risk for hypertension associated with AGN/T in a Korean population.
	64.	interaction among G-6A, M235T and T174M polymorphisms conjoint with significant high plasma aldosterone concentration and low plasma renin activity, suggest low-renin hypertension in the Indian study population
	65.	This study did not reveal an association of the AGT M235T polymorphism with oral oncogenesis, but certainly suggested a possible association of this specific polymorphism with other types of cancer.
	66.	Ang2 mRNA was primarily expressed in the outer definitive zone of the fetal adrenal gland, whereas Ang1 mRNA was primarily in the fetal zone.
	67.	Sequencing confirmed the presence of M235T and T174M polymorphisms in Punjab. We found a substitution of G with C just adjacent to T174M polymorphism in all seven of our samples studied.
	68.	the AT1R [1166A > C] and AGT [-6G > A] polymorphisms do not influence repolarization parameters in this Chinese population in Taiwan.
	69.	Endogenous Ang II production may be upregulated by TNF-alpha +/- Shiga toxin-1.
	70.	Adiponectin protects the endothelial monolayer from Ang II or TNF-alpha-induced hyperpermeability by modulating microtubule and cytoskeleton stability via a cAMP/ PKA signaling cascade.
	71.	No evidence of a genotype-by-sex interaction affecting pulse pressure, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure was detected.
	72.	study demonstrated strong association of AGT polymorphisms with essential hypertension both individually and interactively
	73.	genetic variation in the angiotensinogen gene contributes to coronary heart disease risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
	74.	Participation of AGT gene in development of low renin AH was convincingly shown.
	75.	results suggest that genetic variation at the angiotensinogen locus may primarily affect arterial stiffness and pulse pressure. The heterogeneity between previous genetic studies of AGT and hypertension status could in part be explained by this finding.
	76.	Meta-analysis and HuGE review of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	77.	Ang II-induced ROS-mediated DNA damage results in accelerated biological aging of hVSMCs via 2 mechanisms
	78.	MYH11 mutations result in a distinct vascular pathology driven by insulin-like growth factor 1 and angiotensin II.
	79.	These results provide evidence that the activation of Rac2 by angiotensin II is exerted through multiple signalling pathways, involving Ca(2)(+)/calcineurin and protein kinases.
	80.	No association of the A-6G variant of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms with hypertension was detected.
	81.	Carriage of AGT single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for H.pylori-related gastric cancer development in Japanese.
	82.	Prorenin and renin-induced ERK 1/2 activation are independent of angiotensin II. The signal transduction is different from that evoked by angiotensin II.
	83.	ACE2 overexpression in the THP-1 attenuates AngII-induced MCP-1 production and that this reduction is likely mediated by increased Ang (1-7) level.
	84.	Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	85.	Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	86.	Clinical trial of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	87.	Clinical trial of gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	88.	Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	89.	Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
	90.	Observational study of gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	91.	Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	92.	Observational study of gene-disease association and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	93.	Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	94.	Observational study and genome-wide association study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	95.	Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	96.	Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	97.	Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
	98.	Clinical trial of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	99.	Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	100.	Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	101.	Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	102.	Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
	103.	Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	104.	Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
	105.	Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
	106.	Polymorphisms in angiotensinogen did not affect renal allograft function.
	107.	The Ang II/Rac1/STAT3 pathway is an important signaling pathway in the atrial myocardium to mediate atrial structural remodeling, and losartan and statin may be able to reverse Ang II-induced atrial structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation.
	108.	a strong synergistic effect of the A-20C and A-6G polymorphisms of AGT, which were not found to be associated with essential hypertension in the single-locus analysis.
	109.	study shows that in young, mildly hypertensive subjects, cardiac structure and function are modulated by the -20 A/C gene variant of AGT
	110.	The TT genotype of AGT M235T is associated with malignant hypertension in whites, carriers having an odds of approximately 10 to 1 compared to hypertensive and normotensive controls.
	111.	single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes may play an important role in pathogenesis of primary hypertension and be the genetic risk factors for the onset of primary hypertension with cerebral infarction in the Li nationality of Hainan, China.
	112.	data suggest that Ang II and subsequent NF-kappaB activation induces hCASMC hypertrophy through an enhancement of TRPC1 expression.
	113.	Men with the 'G/G' genotype had a higher pulse pressure (0.6 mm HG) than men carrying an 'A' allele, while 'G/G' women had a lower pulse pressure (0.7 mm Hg) than women carrying an 'A' allele.
	114.	Valsartan, a selective Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, and N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, inhibited both of these modifications, indicating the contribution of AT1 receptor and reactive oxygen species to oxidation of Prx2.
	115.	In conclusion, angiotensinogen M allele may present a risk of lacunar infarctions in Japanese men, independent of hypertension.
	116.	Angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms were not associated with age-related left ventricle remodeling and hypertrophy.
	117.	In a recessive manner, the genetic variant (G-6A) of the angiotensinogen gene modulates the association between blood pressure and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults.
	118.	Angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism was not useful to predict left ventricular mass, function, hypertrophy or dilatation in a small population of treated Turkish hypertensive patients with normal coronary arteries.
	119.	This meta-analysis suggested an overall weak association between the M235T polymorphism and CHD risk. However, the association was not observed in several larger studies, suggesting a publication bias.
	120.	independent of systemic hemodynamic effects, cardiac ANG II may act locally in the heart, causing interstitial fibrosis in sham-myocardial infarction and accelerating deterioration of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling postmyocardial infarction
	121.	Induces NF-kappaB-dependent transcription through an alternative pathway, being largely independent of IkappaB proteolysis.
	122.	Connexin43 expression can be influenced by Ang II and IGF-1 through ERK and p38 pathways and may contribute to the pathogenesis of vein graft disease following coronary artery bypass grafting.
	123.	We found an association between AGT and blood pressure, atherosclerosis and white matter lesions (WML). Also, we found synergistic effects between AGT and AT1R on the development of WML.
	124.	Angiotensinogen/renin transgenic rats develop hypertension. Remodeling in the heart conduction sytsem leads to ventricular tachycardia and sudden arrhythmic death.
	125.	Angiotensin II acts through c-Src for MAPK activation in mouse smooth muscle cells.
	126.	AGT T174M and M235T functional polymorphisms of angiotensinogen,are not associated with recurrent in-stent restenosis.
	127.	Transcription factors glucocorticoid receptor, STAT-3, and HNF-1alpha bind to the angiotensinogen gene promoter mediating IL-6 induced promoter activity of this gene.
	128.	study indicates that the alteration in nephrin expression is an early event in proteinuric patients with diabetes and suggests that glycated albumin and angiotensin II contribute to nephrin downregulation
	129.	Ang II increased cytosolic Ca2+ release from Ca stores, enhanced calcineurin synthesis & activity, & stimulated NF-kappaB DNA-binding in cultured human neutrophils, demonstrating for the 1st time a stimulatory role of Ang II in phagocytic cell activation.
	130.	Significant association between the -217A variant of the AGT gene and hypertension. This variant plays a functional role in basal transcription of AGT, and may confer a risk for hypertension in Taiwanese populations.
	131.	IL-6-inducible expression of the hAGT promoter is mediated by physical association of the COOH terminus of STAT3 with p300/CBP, the recruitment of which targets histone acetylation and results in chromatin remodeling.
	132.	study shows that the M235T variant in the gene encoding angiotensinogen could be a risk factor in mild and severe pre-eclampsia
	133.	No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the allele frequency and genotype distribution for ACE and AGT polymorphisms.
	134.	No association was noted between the haplotypes of AGT gene and hypertension in tested people, but T235 allele might play an important role in increased risk for essential hypertension.
	135.	Significant association of AGT M235T with blood pressure and cholesterol metabolism in an Afro-Caribbean population in "genetic context" of RH blood group system.
	136.	Angiotensin II increases Pax-2 expression in fetal kidney cells via the AT2 receptor
	137.	AGT T174M polymorphism was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure levels in younger and non-overweight Japanese and was more evident among subjects with higher sodium intake.
	138.	a molecular variant of ACE, but not angiotensinogen, gene is associated with preeclampsia in Korean women.
	139.	Review. Angiotensin exerts mitogenic and growth promoting effects on cardiac myocytes and non-myocytic elements; and both of these effects significantly contribute to the development and progression of hypertensive heart disease.
	140.	Results indicate that the AGT A(-6) allele frequency differs markedly between African Americans and white left ventricular hypertrophy individuals.
	141.	statistical evidence for the association of AGT promoter region with essential hypertension
	142.	findings suggest that obstructive sleep apnea mediates hypertension, at least in part, via a stimulation of angiotensin II production
	143.	Dissection of DNA cis elements that are demonstrably indispensable for regulating both the level and cell type specificity of hAGT gene transcription.
	144.	data demonstrate a novel proatherogenic role for AngII, namely its ability to enhance secretion of lysosomal cathepsin F by monocyte-derived macrophages
	145.	AGT Thr235 mutation may be considered a risk factor for placental abruption.
	146.	dual production of renin and angiotensinogen in the renal proximal tubule can result in a systemic increase in arterial pressure
	147.	Ang II stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 production and release from human adipocytes by a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. This proinflammatory action of Ang II seems to be mediated by the AT1.
	148.	AGEs, a hallmark of diabetes, induce chymase via the RAGE-ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. Chymase initiates an important alternative angiotensin II-generating pathway in diabetes and may play a critical role in diabetic vascular disease.
	149.	Double homozygous combinations for normal alleles (MM of AGT, II of ACE and AA of AGTR1) had a lower risk of AMI (odds ratio<0.38), indicating a protective effect in these individuals.
	150.	role of the M235T polymorphism in the AGT gene in modifying the blood pressure response to regular exercise
	151.	determine whether the M235T angiotensinogen (AGT) polymorphism, either interacting with habitual physical activity (PA) levels or independently, was associated with cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics during maximal and submaximal exercise
	152.	in hypertensive subjects with activated renin-angiotensin system, unopposed activity of angiotensin II is not involved in L-NAME-induced pressor and renal vasoconstrictor response
	153.	A role for AGT in genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia.
	154.	Results suggest that the polymorphism of A(-6)G in 5' upstream core promoter of the AGT gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
	155.	In this hypertensive population, the association of ACE inhibitor use with risk of nonfatal stroke varied by AGT genotype. There is a protective association between ACE inhibitor use and nonfatal stroke risk among individuals with ThrThr genotype of AGT.
	156.	neuronal AGT may play an important role in regulating salt intake and salt appetite.
	157.	Polymorphism of the promoter region of the angiotensinogen gene (ATG) and an angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism were studied in Kazakhs with hypertension and cardiovascular disease
	158.	Angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism might contribute to the pathogenesis of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
	159.	Increased plasma Ang-(1-7) in normal pregnant subjects compared with nonpregnant subjects and decreased Ang-(1-7) in preeclamptic subjects compared with normal pregnant subjects, consistent with the development of hypertension
	160.	The M235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene and the body mass index are useful markers for prevention of hypertension in pregnancy: a tree-based analysis of gene-environment interaction
	161.	Polymorphism is associated with diabetic retinopathy in NIDDM in Chinese patients.
	162.	data fall short of showing significant association between a variant of the promoter of interleukin-1beta, polymorphism of angiotensinogen, and the missense variant of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and occurrence of idiopathic recurrent miscarriage
	163.	angiotensin II may act on the pre-existing pancreatic arteries around neoplasms, leading to formation of hypovascular or avascular regions
	164.	ANG II, via AT(1)R, modulates the secretion of TNF-alpha and MMP-2 from vascular endothelial cellsANG II, via AT(1)R, modulates the secretion of TNF-alpha and MMP-2 from endothelial cells and TNF-alpha mediates the effects of ANG II on MMP-2 release.
	165.	results suggest that bile acids negatively regulate the human angiotensinogen gene through the inhibitory effect of small heterodimer partner on hepatocyte nuclear factor-4
	166.	The ACE-I/D polymorphism is not associated with HAPE susceptibility in Japanese subjects. The AT(1)R gene polymorphisms may likely associate with HAPE susceptibility.
	167.	AngII stimulates platelet superoxide production through activation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase via the AT1 receptor and protein kinase C
	168.	Inreased premature coronary heart disease(CHD) risk is associated with higher frequencies of the ACE DD and AGT MM genotypes. These findings indicate a synergistic contribution of ACE DD and AGT MM polymorphisms to the development of premature CHD.
	169.	lack of a significant effect of AGT M235T polymorphism on blood pressure level, but the difference in pulse pressure in the older population suggests that further investigations of this polymorphism should be made in the Japanese population.
	170.	Isolation of Ang II in supernatants of mononuclear leukocytes adds a further physiological source of Ang II to the current view of angiotensin metabolism. Release found under present conditions is at least sufficient to elicit vasoconstriction.
	171.	results suggest elevated glucose levels stimulate AII production via mechanisms dependent on glucose-induced PKC activation in mesangial cells and locally produced AII partly mediates the increase in mesangial matrix synthesis in high-glucose conditions
	172.	Relationship of angiotensinogen single nucleotide polymorphisms with elevated blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease.
	173.	findings suggest that the AGT and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms would not have an effect on hypertension or the end stage renal disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
	174.	Relationship of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene and susceptibility to hypertension.
	175.	polymorphism in angiogensinogen is associated with hypertension in African Americans
	176.	Results suggest that connective tissue growth factor mediates angiotensin II-induced fibrosis in the heart and kidneys via blood pressure and calcineurin-dependent pathways.
	177.	No significant differences in the distribution of any of these polymorphisms were found between patients with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia and the normal control
	178.	Low-glomerular filtration rate cirrhotic patients had worse survival rate associated with more severe contraction of effective arterial blood volume, higher active renin /angiotensin II ratio and lower angiotensin-converting enzyme levels.
	179.	the interaction between Ang II and AT2R causes expression of cleaved poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase through downregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
	180.	The M235T polymorphism of the AGT gene is associated with MVPS in the Chinese population of Taiwan. The association of the TT genotype with MVPS is more noteworthy than an overall increase in the frequency of the T allele at the M235T locus.
	181.	common haplotype of the angiotensinogen gene is linked to angiotensinogen levels
	182.	CAML is an important signal transducer for the actions of Ang II in regulating the calcineurin-NFAT pathway and the interaction of CAML with ATRAP may mediate the Ang II actions in vascular physiology
	183.	ANG II-induced ROS generation plays a pivotal role in several pathophysiological situations, leading to renal growth regulation and remodeling after injury
	184.	Homozygosity of AGT M235T mutation is associated with high levels of cholesterol with no regard to the young age of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
	185.	The current results suggested that AGT T235M polymorphism might be a risk factor of vascular dementia.
	186.	renal allograft recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction had significantly higher frequencies of the MM genotype than those without CAD
	187.	Homozygosity for 235T mutation in angiotensinogen gene is independent risk factor for coronary events in black postmyocardial infarction patients. Presence of hypertension significantly augments risk associated with this genetic mutation.
	188.	Polymorphisms of the core promoter region of the AGT gene (AGT-20 and AGT-6) were associated with liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B
	189.	Men with the T allele showed higher Ang- (1-7) levels compared to those with the MM genotype (p<0.05).
	190.	M235T and A(-20)C genotype of angiotensinogen can influence therapeutic efficacy of renin-angiotensin system blockade on renal survival in IgA nephropathy.
	191.	M235 T polymorphism may be associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
	192.	ANG II activates rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling pathway in human coronary smooth muscle cells and involves activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p70(S6k), and eukaryotic initiation factor-4E, leading to activation of protein synthesis.
	193.	data show that Ang II promotes coronary inflammation and remodeling, in part independent of blood pressure but dependent upon endothelin signal
	194.	human renin and human angiotensinogen have roles in development of hypertension in transgenic mice, and may predispose to spontaneous stroke
	195.	Our results suggest that AM plays a role in the regulation of HASMC contraction by antagonizing the Ang II effects and may be involved in conditions of altered regulation of the blood vessels.
	196.	NO decreased the binding affinity of the AT1 receptor for angiotensin II by S-nitrosylation of cysteine 289.
	197.	The alpha-adducin G460W polymorphism and the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism did not modify the difference in blood pressure levels among subjects who used diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, or ACE inhibitors.
	198.	apoptotic alveolar epithelial cells and myofibroblasts constitute key sources of locally derived ANG peptides in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung
	199.	Study suggests that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.
	200.	Review. In pre-eclampsia, higher AT1/bradykinin-B2 receptor activity increases angiotensin II sensitivity, leading to hypertension and oxidative stress.
	201.	Polymorphism in essential arterial hypertension in childhood.
	202.	EGF and angiotensin II activation of phospholipase Cgamma through src is mediated by GIT1
	203.	The Cl- -dependent effects of ANG II on Ca2+ transients may be mediated, at least in part, by a Cl- -dependent Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells.
	204.	gene polymorphisms in Turkish hypertensive patients
	205.	Patients homozygous for the T allele had a reduced carotid distensibility and an increased stiffness of the carotid wall material
	206.	Our results designate the C-532T and G-6A as the best candidates for functional studies on the AGT gene
	207.	studies indicate that the angiotensin-converting enzyme-Angiotensin II-Angiotensin II receptor type 1 system serves as a positive feedback loop and fosters pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts proliferation under hypoxic conditions
	208.	235T allele of angiotensinogen was also associated with an increased risk of presenting 3-vessel disease
	209.	The uteroplacental location of Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 in pregnancy suggests an autocrine function of Ang-(1-7) in the vasoactive regulation that characterizes placentation and established pregnancy.
	210.	angiotensinogen T174M and M235T and the AT1-receptor A1166C polymorphisms were related to the change in LVH during antihypertensive treatment with an AT1-receptor antagonist
	211.	Polymorphisms of genes encoding angiotensinogen as risk factors for orthostatic hypotension.
	212.	in patients with nephrotic syndrome due to biopsy proven focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, AGT-M235T polymorphism was associated with the severity of arterial hypertension
	213.	results indicate that the change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from contractile to synthetic phenotype sequentially increases expression of proteases, production of Ang II, and productions of growth factors, culminating in VSMC proliferation
	214.	The M235 allele in exon 2 of the AGT gene, the G-6 and G-217 alleles in its promoter, & the corresponding haplotypes were associated with non-familial structural atrial fibrillation.
	215.	rare variants in the promoter and coding regions are associated with different blood AGT levels
	216.	Angiotensinogen 235T polymorphism is associated with blood pressure phenotypes.
	217.	Angiotensinogen gene haplotypes are associated with hypertension and might act synergistically with I allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene.
	218.	the AGT-M235T gene did not contributeto QTc prolongation in end stage renal disease
	219.	AGT genotype does not predict the blood pressure-lowering response to antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibitors in Chinese hypertensive patients.
	220.	Functional variants of the AGT gene contribute to the variability of antihypertensive responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor monotherapy in individuals of African ancestry, with genotype determining whether or not responses occur.
	221.	telmisartan inhibits the expression of the pro-inflammatory beta2-integrin MAC-1 expression in lymphocytes independently of angiotensin II
	222.	The association between use of ACE-inhibitors or beta-blockers and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke is modified by the T-allele of the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism.
	223.	These results indicate that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/FoxO1 pathway participates in Ang II suppression of hSR-BI/CLA-1 expression and suggests that the endothelial receptor for hSR-BI/CLA-1 is downregulated by the renin-angiotensin system.
	224.	study failed to demonstrate that the M235T angiotensinogen polymorphism and the ACE I/D polymorphism were genetic markers for essential arterial hypertension in adult Caucasians
	225.	The AC/CC genotype of this polymorphism may be associated with an increased severity of proteinuria, suggesting that this polymorphism may play a significant role in the progression of IgA nephropathy in Japanese children.
	226.	Variants at two AGT sites together, in conjunction with age, may be significantly associated with elevated systolic blood pressure, whereas the single-site models are as good models of diastolic blood pressure.
	227.	Localization of expression in the nucleus of human astrocytes of CCF-STTG1 line.
	228.	Maternal and fetal angiotensinogen Thr235 genotypes are associated with an increased risk of intra-uterine growth retardation.
	229.	Agt gene was associated with the susceptibility to Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
	230.	The present study suggests that none of the major genetic polymorphisms in the RAA system (angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and aldosterone synthase) strongly influence the onset of essential hypertension.
	231.	the promoting effects of AngII on the forming of foam cells are in a dose-dependent manner via down-regulating the expression of ABCA1.
	232.	angiotensin II-dependent activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein transcription requires janus kinase 2 and calcium
	233.	Polymorphism is not associated with increased risk of developing chronic kidney allograft dysfunction.
	234.	There are interactions between the angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166 A/C as well as the angiotensinogen 235 M/T gene polymorphism and age with respect to the outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
	235.	AGT M235T TT genotype confers a significantly decreased risk for the development of hypertension.
	236.	The AGT A-20C genotypes may influence resting blood pressure (BP) response to strength training(ST)
	237.	No influence of angiotensinogen genetic polymorphisms in the development of lupus nephropathy.
	238.	leukocyte level strongly correlates with steady-state of plasma glucose concentration and significantly correlates with body mass index, plasma insulin, and leptin levels in essential hypertension; may be directly associated with insulin resistance
	239.	relationship to intragraft messenger RNA expression of angiotensinogen and to chronic allograft nephropathy in kidney transplant patients
	240.	AGT expression in kidney proximal tubules adapts in the long-term to changes in glomerular filtration rate
	241.	PPARalpha and HNF-4 competitively affect the human angiotensinogen promoter through the C region
	242.	single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype structure in two populations, Japanese and white
	243.	angiotensin II and lipopolysaccharide regulate the human tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter in human cardiac fibroblasts
	244.	AGT M235T polymorphism does not confer any increased risk for MI in young South African Indians.
	245.	autocrine/paracrine mechanism whereby angiotensin II, formed at adrenergic nerve endings in myocardial ischemia, elicits carrier-mediated norepinephrine release by activating adjacent AT(1) receptors
	246.	High level of angiotensinogen expression can inhibit growth of kidney artery walls in vivo.
	247.	In normal subjects the expression of local renin and angiotensinogen mRNA was organ specific, but with increase of the expression locally, the organ-specificity became lost in cirrhotic patients
	248.	Locally generated Ang II amplifies the immunomediated inflammatory process of coronary microvessels occurring in unstable angina.
	249.	angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism was associated with adipocyte size in cultured adipocytes from obese subjects
	250.	T174M polymorphism associated with higher risk of essential hypertension in people aged over 45
	251.	Polymorphism of the AGT M235T gene but not ACE I/D gene is associated with greater left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness, indicating more concentric LVH, in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients.
	252.	Alcohol drinking might be specifically associated with the HNBP in M allele carriers of angiotensinogen gene T174M polymorphism.
	253.	Angiotensin II activates mineralocorticoid-receptor-mediated gene transcription via the AT1 receptor.
	254.	One angiotensinogen single nucleotide polymorphism (rs943580) significantly associated with transmitral early peak filling velocity in blacks; no haplotypes significantly associated with left ventricular phenotypes.
	255.	Review. The similarities & differences between the ET-1 & AngII systems regarding their effects on various aspects of cancer are reviewd. Besides being expressed on vascular endothelium, ET-1 & AngII receptors participate in tumor angiogenesis.
	256.	Parallel determinations of M235T genotype resulted in values of 33 MM, 90 MT and 0 TT with the original method and of 33 MM, 56 MT and 34 TT with the improved RFLP protocol.
	257.	IFN gamma treatment up-regulated AGT mRNA level and promoter activity in hepatocytes.
	258.	"High-risk" genotype combinations (defined a priori as 235TT and/or >or=1 174M allele) were independently predictive of mortality, conferring a 2-fold greater risk of dying during the follow-up period.
	259.	Increase in AngII and decrease in substance P after coronary artery bypass grafting may play role in occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
	260.	overexpression of catalase prevents the stimulation of ROS and angiotensinogen mRNA in tubules owing to elevated glucose or angiotensin II in vitro.
	261.	Angiotensin A (Ang A) is a novel human strong vasoconstrictive angiotensin-derived peptide, most likely generated by enzymatic transformation through mononuclear leukocyte-derived aspartate decarboxylase.
	262.	LDL-cholesterol levels directly influence angiotensin II sensitivity.
	263.	Angiotensin II mediates the inflammatory gene expression effects of IL-18 by inducing the expression of the IL-18 receptor alpha subunit in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via STAT-3 activation.
	264.	The prostate may be a source of the secreted angiotensin II found in seminal plasma.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

[Top][Help]Interactions

Description ..........
Product	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs

NP_000020.1	NP_114038.1	AGTR1		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	Angiotensin II receptor type 2	AGTR2		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	Aspartyl aminopeptidase	DNPEP		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	Mas1	MAS1		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	Meprin A alpha	MEP1A		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	NP_002719.3	PRG2		HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	Bradykinin			HPRD	PubMed

NP_000020.1	LDL			HPRD	PubMed
Two-hybrid
BioGRID:106690	BioGRID:108431	EWSR1		BioGRID	PubMed

[Top][Help]General gene information

Markers

STS-H64380(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:54039

RH11650(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:25375

RH91381(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:87428

RH11822(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:67463

G44347(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:95134

PMC310924P1(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:272812

AGT_4206(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:463534

G34823(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:21944

RH121565(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:134337

WI-8965(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:65748

RH76317(e-PCR): Links: UniSTS:91903

Phenotypes

Hypertension, essential, susceptibility to: MIM: 145500
Preeclampsia, susceptibility to: MIM: 106150
Renal tubular dysgenesis: MIM: 267430

Genotypes

See AGT SNP Genotype Report

See AGT SNP Geneview Report

Homology

Homologs of the AGT gene The AGT gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, and zebrafish.

Map Viewer (Mouse, Rat)

Pathways

KEGG pathway: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): 05410
KEGG pathway: Renin-angiotensin system: 04614
KEGG pathway: Vascular smooth muscle contraction: 04270
Reactome Event:Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins: REACT_602
Reactome Event:Signaling by GPCR: REACT_14797

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence
acetyltransferase activator activity	IDA	PubMed
growth factor activity	TAS	PubMed
hormone activity	IEA
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	TAS	PubMed
type 1 angiotensin receptor binding	IEA
type 2 angiotensin receptor binding	IEA

Process	Evidence
G-protein signaling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger	TAS	PubMed
activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger	NAS	PubMed
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	IEA
astrocyte activation	IEA
blood vessel development	IEA
blood vessel remodeling	TAS	PubMed
brain renin-angiotensin system	IEA
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis	IEA
cell-cell signaling	TAS	PubMed
cell-matrix adhesion	IEA
cellular sodium ion homeostasis	IEA
drinking behavior	IEA
establishment of blood-nerve barrier	IEA
extracellular matrix organization	IEA
hormone metabolic process	IEA
kidney development	IEA
low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	NAS	PubMed
negative regulation of cell growth	IEA
negative regulation of cell proliferation	IEA
negative regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway	IDA	PubMed
negative regulation of neuron apoptosis	IEA
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	TAS	PubMed
ovarian follicle rupture	IEA
oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process	TAS	PubMed
peristalsis	IEA
positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade	IEA
positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity	TAS	PubMed
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	TAS	PubMed
positive regulation of apoptosis	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy	IEA
positive regulation of catalytic activity	IEA
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of cholesterol esterification	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of cytokine production	TAS	PubMed
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	IEA
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation	IEA
positive regulation of inflammatory response	TAS	PubMed
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	IC	PubMed
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	IEA
positive regulation of organ growth	IEA
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	IDA	PubMed
positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade	IDA	PubMed
regulation of blood pressure	IEA
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	IEA
regulation of natriuresis	NAS	PubMed
regulation of norepinephrine secretion	IEA
regulation of renal output by angiotensin	IEA
regulation of vasoconstriction	NAS	PubMed
renal response to blood flow during renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	IEA
renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production	IEA
response to cold	IEA
response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation	IEA
response to salt stress	IEA
smooth muscle cell differentiation	IEA
smooth muscle cell proliferation	IEA

Component	Evidence
cytoplasmic part	IEA
extracellular region	NAS	PubMed
extracellular space	IEA
soluble fraction	TAS	PubMed

[Top][Help]General protein information

Preferred Names: angiotensinogen

Names: angiotensinogen; angiotensin I; angiotensin II; pre-angiotensinogen; alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor

[Top][Help]NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

Genomic

NG_008836.1 RefSeqGene

Range

5000..17067

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_000029.3 → NP_000020.1 angiotensinogen preproprotein

Source sequence(s)

AK312291,AW128887,DC412932,K02215,T97863

Consensus CDS

CCDS1585.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B0ZBE2

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B2R5S1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P01019

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd02054
Location:105 – 481
Blast Score: 1417

angiotensinogen; Angiotensinogen is part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in blood pressure regulation, renal haemodynamics, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It is also involved in normal and abnormal growth processes. The growth...

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.1

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37 (GRCh37), Primary_Assembly

Genomic

NC_000001.10

Range

230838268..230850335, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
NT_167186.1

Range

24356047..24368114, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate assembly (Celera)

Genomic

AC_000044.1

Range

204104290..204116357, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
NW_927128.1

Range

6685460..6697527, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate assembly (HuRef)

Genomic

AC_000133.1

Range

201323208..201335276, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
NW_001838549.1

Range

366778..378846, complement

Download

GenBank FASTA Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

[Top][Help]Related Sequences

Nucleotide		Protein
genomic	AL158214.33	CAI15356.1
genomic	AL512328.16 (2000..12562)	None
genomic	AY436323.1	AAR03501.1
genomic	CH471098.1	EAW69918.1
		EAW69919.1
genomic	EU326304.1	ACA05910.1
genomic	M24689.1	AAA51679.1
genomic	S78529.1	AAD14287.1
genomic	S78530.1	AAD14288.1
genomic	X15324.1	CAA33385.1
mRNA	AB209769.1	BAD93006.1
mRNA	AK222798.1	BAD96518.1
mRNA	AK222815.1	BAD96535.1
mRNA	AK293507.1	BAG56991.1
mRNA	AK303755.1	BAG64725.1
mRNA	AK307978.1	None
mRNA	AK312291.1	BAG35218.1
mRNA	AU128714.1	None
mRNA	AW128887.1	None
mRNA	BC011519.1	AAH11519.1
mRNA	BF338744.1	None
mRNA	BT006851.1	AAP35497.1
mRNA	CR591984.1	None
mRNA	CR592799.1	None
mRNA	CR595628.1	None
mRNA	CR601683.1	None
mRNA	CR606672.1	None
mRNA	CR607896.1	None
mRNA	CR607898.1	None
mRNA	CR615493.1	None
mRNA	CR615499.1	None
mRNA	CR618295.1	None
mRNA	CR618811.1	None
mRNA	CR618903.1	None
mRNA	CR619790.1	None
mRNA	CR625369.1	None
mRNA	CR625415.1	None
mRNA	DC412932.1	None
mRNA	K02215.1	AAA51731.1
mRNA	M69110.1	AAA52282.1
mRNA	T97863.1	None
mRNA	W01494.1	None
other-genetic	DQ891016.2	ABM81942.1
other-genetic	DQ894196.2	ABM85122.1

Protein Accession	Links
P01019.1	GenPept	UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P01019
Q53GY3	GenPept	UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q53GY3
Q53YY1	GenPept	UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q53YY1
Q59EP2	GenPept	UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q59EP2
Q86U78	GenPept	UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q86U78