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Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
International comparisons have provided striking correlations between fat consumption and risk of breast cancer, but these comparisons do not often consider variations in life style. Case-control studies carried out in several countries showed no real association between fat intake and breast cancer. There is some evidence that vitamin A or carotenoid intake may exert a protective effect. Alcohol intake, on the other hand, seems to be positively associated with breast cancer risk. Elevated body weight, body mass, stature, and frame size have been found to be associated as risk factors for breast cancer in women. Animal studies found that caloric restriction inhibits growth of spontaneous and induced mammary tumors, an observation that held up even when the calorie-restricted animals ingest more fat than the ad-libitum-fed controls. College women who exercise have a lower incidence of breast cancer than their more sedentary classmates. Exercise is another means of reducing caloric availability.
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