Structure of the targeted Disc1 allele and its consequences on protein production and brain morphology. (A) A multiply compromised Disc1 allele. The modified Disc1 allele carries (i) the 129 25-bp deletion variant (2) in exon 6 that results in the introduction of a premature termination codon in exon 7; (ii) a termination codon in exon 8 introduced by homologous recombination; and (iii) a polyadenylation signal in intron 8 introduced by homologous recombination, which results in the generation of a polyadenylated truncated transcript (2). The modifications in the Disc1 allele are indicated by red arrows. (B) Western blot analysis of brain homogenates from WT and mutant Disc1 mice. (Left) The ≈98-kDa band, corresponding to the predicted full-length proteins (L and L_v forms, http://genome.ucsc.edu) is undetectable in early postnatal day 2 brain lysates from HOM mutant Disc1 mice (top red arrowhead) analyzed with the N-terminal antibody. The same band is reduced by about half in HET mutant mice. A band consistent with the predicted C-terminally truncated protein product (58 kDa) (black arrowhead) is detectable in lysates from HET and HOM mutant Disc1 mice, but not WT littermates. This band is weak, indicating that the truncated protein missing the C-terminal portion is relatively unstable. Detection of this product proves unequivocally the specificity of our antibody. A ≈70-kDa band (bottom red arrowhead) is undetectable in HOM mutant Disc1 mice and reduced by half in HET mutant Disc1 mice. Two other weak low molecular weight bands appear unaffected by the mutation and may represent shorter N-terminal isoforms (2) (terminating before exon 6) or nonspecific signals (asterisks). Such short (putative) isoforms are expected to be produced and persist in the brains of the affected members of the Scottish family. (Center) Analysis with a C-terminal antibody. Red arrowheads indicate the major Disc1 isoforms at ≈98 and 70 kDa, which are missing in HOM mice. As predicted, no truncated protein is detected with this antibody. Asterisks indicate likely nonspecific cross-reactivity. (Right) Western blot of adult HPC lysates probed with the N-terminal antibody.

Cytoarchitectural alterations in mature granule cells. (A and B) Dendritic orientation of DG granule cells. (A) Representative images of GFP-labeled mature granule cells. (B) Quantification of dendritic misorientation. (C and D) Dendritic length of DG granule cells. (C) Representative tracings of GFP-labeled mature granule cells. (D) Quantification of total dendritic length plotted against their position in the GCL. WT/HOM (n): all (14/17); top (4/6); center (6/7); bottom (4/4). (E and F) Dendritic spine density of DG granule cells. Representative images of dendritic spines (E) and quantification of their numbers (F). Values represent mean ± SEM. ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.001; ∗∗∗, P < 0.0001. (Scale bars: A, 25 μm; C, 50 μm; E, 5 μm.)

A mutation in Disc1 leads to specific pattern of cognitive deficits. (A) Fear conditioning. (Left) Conditioned freezing during the cued test (n = 9 WT, 9 HOM). Percent of time freezing during the 60 s before tone presentation (pretone) and during the 20-s tone presentation (tone). (Right) Percent time freezing during the 4 min of the contextual test. (B) Novel object recognition. Although the ability to recognize a familiar object significantly decreased with time, there were no differences between genotypes (n = 9 WT, 9 HOM). (C) Morris water maze. (Left) Latency to reach a visible platform did not differ between genotypes (n = 9 WT, 9 HOM). (Center and Right) Both genotypes spent more time in the target quadrant during the probe trials. (D) Win-shift task. Both genotypes made comparable numbers of within-phase (Left) and across-phase (Right) errors (n = 9 WT, 9 HOM). (E) Two-choice DNMP task. Both HET and HOM mutant Disc1 mice made significantly more errors during training (Left) and testing (Right; n = 10 WT, 11 HET, 11 HOM). Values represent mean ± SEM. n.s., not significant; ∗, P < 0.05.

Altered positioning and numbers of immature neurons. (A and B) Distribution of immature neurons in the GCL. (A) Representative images of DCX-positive neurons from HOM mutant Disc1 mice and their WT littermates. Note the presence of DCX-positive neurons in the deeper layer of the GCL (arrows) of mutant mice. The dotted line represents the outer edge of the GCL. (B) Quantification of neuronal distribution performed by using the χ² test in a contingency analysis. n = 54 cells were analyzed for each genotype. (C–E) Dendritic orientation of immature neurons. (C) Representative images of DCX-positive neurons from HOM mutant Disc1 mice and their WT littermates. (D and E) Quantification was performed by defining the angle of orientation (θ) for each apical dendrite (D) and calculating the mean change in θ (E). (F and G) Quantification of proliferating cells in the CGL. (F) Representative images of DCX-positive immature neurons (Upper) and BrdU-labeled neural precursor cells (Lower) in the DG of HOM mutant Disc1 mice as compared with their WT littermates. (G) Quantification of DCX-positive immature neurons (Left) and BrdU-labeled neural precursor cells (Right). Values represent mean ± SEM. ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗∗, P < 0.0001. (Scale bars: A and F, 100 μm; C, 25 μm.)

Synaptic transmission and plasticity. (A) LTP in WT (n = 17, 7) and HOM (n = 10, 6) mice. There was a significant difference in the degree of potentiation of fEPSPs over time (min) (two-way repeated measures ANOVA; P < 0.05). Posthoc testing showed that 14 min immediately after tetanization the magnitude of potentiation in the HOM mutant Disc1 mice was significantly lower than in WT controls. By contrast, the degree of LTP observed was unaffected by the mutation 1 h after tetanization. (B) Example traces of field EPSPs show responses before (solid line) and immediately after (interrupted line) tetanization.