Immunol Today. 1991 Oct;12(10):356-61.

Mls--a retrovirus exploits the immune system.

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Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland.

Abstract

The identity of minor lymphocytes stimulating (Mls) antigens, endogenous superantigens that can activate, or induce the deletion of, large portions of the T-cell repertoire, has recently been revealed: they are encoded by mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) that have integrated into the germ line as DNA proviruses. As Hans Acha-Orbea and Ed Palmer point out, Mls-mediated modulation may be only the tip of the retrovirus iceberg; already murine leukemia virus (MuLV), with similar superantigen properties, has been discovered.

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Immunol Today. 1992 Feb;13(2):77.

PMID:: 1659830; [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens

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Review Mls superantigens: how retroviruses influence the expressed T cell receptor repertoire. [Semin Immunol. 1992]
Review Mls superantigens: how retroviruses influence the expressed T cell receptor repertoire.
Huber BT. Semin Immunol. 1992 Oct; 4(5):313-8.
Review Mls: a link between immunology and retrovirology. [Int Rev Immunol. 1992]
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Acha-Orbea H, Held W, Scarpellino L, Shakhov AN. Int Rev Immunol. 1992; 8(4):327-36.
Review Superantigens of mouse mammary tumor virus. [Annu Rev Immunol. 1995]
Review Superantigens of mouse mammary tumor virus.
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Mouse endogenous superantigens: Ms and Mls-like determinants encoded by mouse retroviruses. [Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001]
Mouse endogenous superantigens: Ms and Mls-like determinants encoded by mouse retroviruses.
Hodes RJ, Abe R. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001 May; Appendix 1:Appendix 1F.
Superantigen-reactive CD4+ T cells are required to stimulate B cells after infection with mouse mammary tumor virus. [J Exp Med. 1993]
Superantigen-reactive CD4+ T cells are required to stimulate B cells after infection with mouse mammary tumor virus.
Held W, Shakhov AN, Izui S, Waanders GA, Scarpellino L, MacDonald HR, Acha-Orbea H. J Exp Med. 1993 Feb 1; 177(2):359-66.

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Cited by 42 PubMed Central articles

Cross-packaging of genetically distinct mouse and primate retroviral RNAs. [Retrovirology. 2009]
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Al Dhaheri NS, Phillip PS, Ghazawi A, Ali J, Beebi E, Jaballah SA, Rizvi TA. Retrovirology. 2009 Jul 14; 6:66. Epub 2009 Jul 14.
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