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    Genes Dev. 1991 Sep;5(9):1513-23.

    Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice.

    Friedrich G, Soriano P.

    Source

    Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.

    Abstract

    A general strategy for selecting insertion mutations in mice has been devised. Constructs lacking a promoter and including a beta-galactosidase gene, or a reporter gene encoding a protein with both beta-galactosidase and neomycin phosphotransferase activity, were designed so that activation of the reporter gene depends on its insertion within an active transcription unit. Such insertion events create a mutation in the tagged gene and allow its expression to be followed by beta-galactosidase activity. Introduction of promoter trap constructs into embryonic stem (ES) cells by electroporation or retroviral infection has led to the derivation of transgenic lines that show a variety of beta-galactosidase expression patterns. Intercrossing of heterozygotes from 24 strains that express beta-galactosidase identified 9 strains in which homozygosity leads to an embryonic lethality. Because no overt phenotype was detected in the remaining strains, these results suggest that a substantial proportion of mammalian genes identified by this approach are not essential for development.

    PMID:
    1653172
    [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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