| CELANO1996
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness:
Duration (days): Mean 56
Setting: Pediatric emergency clinic of public hospital, local statutory child protection agencies and victims' assistance programs of the court system.
Info on Screening Process: 56 families screened, 7 did not meet eligibility criteria & 17 dropped out of the study | N= 32
Age: Mean 10 Range 8–13
Sex: all females
Diagnosis:
Exclusions: Mentally retarded, psychotic, or drug-addicted Ps.
Notes: Eligability consisted of experiencing sexual abuse within past 3 years. | Data Used
Children's Global Assessment Scale
Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scales Revis
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent) | Group 1 N= 15
Recovering From Abuse Program - Eight 1-hour sessions, half with child, half with mother. Structured on Finkelhor's four- factor model. Therapy delivered by female psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and trainees in psychiatry or psychology with prior experience.
Group 2 N= 17
Treatment as Usual - Eight 1-hour sessions, half with child, half with mother. Therapy delivered by female psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and trainees in psychiatry or psychology with prior experience. | |
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| COHEN1996
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days): Mean 84
Followup: 6 and 12 months
Setting: Outpatient
Info on Screening Process: 86 Ps recruited from referrals (e.g.rape crisis, child Protection/healthcare/police/judicial systems). 6 d/o after 1/2 sessions. 7d/o after 3–8 sessions. 6ps removed mid-study (persistent sexualised behaviour). 67 completed post-test. | N= 67
Age: Range 3–6
Sex: no information
Diagnosis:
100% PTSD Symptoms by Weekly Behavr
Report/Child Sexual Behav. Inventory
Exclusions: Did not meet min symptomatology. WBR Total Behavior score >7 or any sexually inappropriate behavior on CSBI. Mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorder, psychotic symptoms, a serious medical illness, psychotic disorder or active substance abuse in the parent participating in treatment, no long-term caretaker (<12 months). Ps could be removed from study for persistent inappropriate sexualised behaviour in therapy.
Notes: Sexual abuse was defined as sexual exploitation involving physical contact between a child and another person >5 yrs older. Abuse substantiated by Child Protection Services. | Data Used
Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory
Weekly Behaviour Report
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent)
Preschool Symptom Self-Report (PRESS) | Group 1 N= 39
CBT for sexually abused preschoolers - 12 individual sessions approx 90 mins (50 mins with parent, 30–40 mins with child).
Group 2 N= 28
nondirective supportive therapy - 12 individual sessions approx 90 mins (50 mins with parent, 30–40 mins with child). | |
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| COHEN1997
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days): Mean 84
Followup: 6 and 12 months.
Setting: Outpatient.
Notes: SAME AS COHEN1996
Info on Screening Process: 86 Ps recruited from referrals (e.g.rape crisis, child Protection/healthcare/police/judicial systems). 13 d/o during treatment; 6ps removed during treatment. 67 completed treatment and post- test. 43 completed follow-up assesments. | N= 43
Age: Mean 6 Range 4–8
Sex: 19 males 24 females
Diagnosis:
100% PTSD Symptoms by Weekly Behavr
Report/Child Sexual Behav. Inventory
Exclusions: SAME AS COHEN1996: Did not meet min symptomatology. WBR Total Behavior score >7 or any sexually inappropriate behavior on CSBI. Mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorder, psychotic symptoms, a serious medical illness, psychotic disorder or active substance abuse in the parent participating in treatment, no long-term caretaker (<12 months). Ps could be removed from study for persistent inappropriate sexualised behaviour in therapy.
Notes: SAME AS COHEN1996: Sexual abuse was defined as sexual exploitation involving physical contact between a child and another person >5 yrs older. Abuse substantiated by Child Protection Services. | Data Used
Weekly Behaviour Report
Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent) | Group 1 N= 0
CBT for sexually abused preschoolers - SAME AS COHEN1996: 12 individual sessions approx 90 mins (50 mins with parent, 30–40 mins with child).
Group 2 N= 28
nondirective supportive therapy - SAME AS COHEN1996: 12 individual sessions approx 90 mins (50 mins with parent, 30–40 mins with child). | SAME AS COHEN1996. 9Ps received further treatement during follow-up period, 3 of whom changed treatment groups and so were exlcluded from analysis. |
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| COHEN1998
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days):
Setting: Outpatient. Ps referred from victim advocacy programs, child protective services, police, juvenile and family court, private practitioners.
Info on Screening Process: 82 ps completed initial assessment; 4 d/o pre-treatment. 10 d/o after 3 sessions or less; 10 d/o after 4–8 sessions; 9 ps removed due to sexualised behaviours in therapy; 49 ps (30 CBT 19 NST) completed treatment and post-tests. | N= 49
Age: Mean 11 Range 7–15
Sex: 15 males 34 females
Diagnosis:
PTSD Symptoms by Child Behaviour Checklist
Parent Form
Exclusions: Sexual abuse experienced > 6 months ago; mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder, active psychosis or substance abuse, serious medical illness, lack of long-term caretaker (<12 months) active psychosis or substance abuse in primary caretaker; Ps could be removed from study for persistent inappropriate sexualised behaviour in therapy. | Data Used
Child Sexual Behaviour Checklist
Children's Depression Inventory
State Anxiety Inventory for Children
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent) | Group 1 N= 30
CBT (Sexual Abuse Specific) - 12 sessions over a 12 week period. Each session 45 mins with child, 45 mins with parent: 18 total hours. Treatment aimed to address depression, anxiety and related behavioural difficulties.
Group 2 N= 19
nondirective supportive therapy - 12 sessions over a 12 week period. Each session 45 mins with child, 45 mins with parent: 18 total hours. | |
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| COHEN2004
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days): Mean 74
Setting: Participants recruited from metropolitan/ suburban outpatient clinical treatment progs for abused/traumatised children.
Notes: Study required parent/caretaker to participate in the parental treatment component.
Info on Screening Process: Of 237 screened, 8 did not meet study criteria. | N= 229
Age: Mean 11 Range 8–14
Sex: 43 males 160 females
Diagnosis:
100% PTSD Symptoms by DSM-IV
Exclusions: Active psychotic disorder/active substance use disorder; not fluent in English; documented developmental disorder; children without a participating parent/caretaker excluded; if child taking psychotropic medication, exclusion if less than 2 months stable medication regimen completed.
Notes: At least five criteria for sexual abuse-related DSM- IV-defined PTSD, including at least one symptom in each of the three PTSD clusters. More than 90% of children had been traumatised by events additional to sexual abuse. | Data Used
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent)
CAPS
Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Child)
Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory
Child Depression Inventory
K-SADS-PL-PTSD | Group 1 N= 114
Trauma-focused CBT - Manualised treatment including psychoeducation about CSA and body safety; parent management skills. 12 weekly 90 minute sessions with time divided equally between individual sessions with parent and child plus occasional 30 min joint sessions.
Group 2 N= 115
Child Centred Therapy - 12 weekly 90 minute sessions with time divided equally between individual sessions with parent and child plus occasional 30 min joint sessions. | Study also assessed children with: semi- structured interview for DSM-IV PTSD, Psychosis and Substance abuse; CDI; STAIC; CAPS.
Parents were assessed using: CBCL; CSBI; BDI; PERQ; PSQ; and a modified PPQ. |
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| DEBLINGER1999
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness:
Duration (days): Mean 84
Followup: 3 & 6 months, 1 & 2 years | N= 100
Age: Mean 10 Range 7–13
Sex: 17 males 83 females
Diagnosis:
Notes: Sexually abused children exhibiting a minimum of 3 PTSD symptoms | Data Used
Parenting Practices Questionnaire
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent)
Child Depression Inventory
K-SADS-E
Structured Background Interview | Group 1 N= 25
CBT for child - 12 weekly 45-minute treatment sessions
Group 2 N= 25
CBT for mother - 12 weekly 45-minute treatment sessions
Group 3 N= 25
CBT for mother & child - 12 weekly 90- minute treatment sessions
Group 4 N= 25
Community Comparison - Children & parents referred to therapists in their own communities. | |
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| JABERGHADERI
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days): Mean 62 Range 28–84
Followup: 2 weeks after final session.
Setting: Oupatient, school setting.
Info on Screening Process: Parents of 125 girls contacted.123 girls completed CROPS; 62 scoring highly on PTSD did further tests, identifiying 24 as S.A.. 18 qualified & consented = randomised to promote equivalence of SA. 2 d/o pre-treat.2 d/o during treatmt. 14 completers. | N= 14
Age: Range 12–13
Sex: all females
Diagnosis:
100% PTSD by DSM-IV
0% Acute stress disorder by Acute Stress
Disorder Interview
Exclusions: Non 6th grade. No initial parental consent given; <19 initial score on CROPS; non sexual abuse trauma on LITE measure; sexual abuse ongoing or more recent that 6 months prior to study.
Notes: 6th grade schoolgirls in urban Iran. Qualifying sexual abuse criteria: unwanted oral, anal, genital or breast contact with another person, 6 months+ prior to the study. | Data Used
Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)
Rutter Teacher Scacle (mental disturbance)
Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS)
Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS) | Group 1 N= 7
CBT - Up to 12 sessions of 45 minutes, plus homework estimated to be 10–15 hours total. Manualised, based on Deblinger & Heflin (1996) plus Camino (2000). Focus on symptom management and exposure to identified sex abuse memory.
Group 2 N= 7
EMDR - Up to 12 sessions of 30–45 minutes. Minimal homework. Based on Shapiro (1995) modified for age. Limited skill development, less strict focus on trauma memory. | |
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| KING2000
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness:
Duration (days): Mean 140
Followup: 12 weeks
Setting: Referrals from sexual assault centres, the Dept of Health and Community Services, mental health professionals, medical practitioners.
Info on Screening Process: 46 screened. | N= 36
Age: Mean 11
Range 5–17
Sex: 11 males
25 females
Diagnosis:
100% PTSD by DSM-IV
Exclusions: Ongoing, unsupervised contact with the alleged perpetrstor, severe intellectual disability, psychosis or suicidal behavior, on antidepressants or antianxiety medication, child and/or parents unwilling to participate.
Notes: Sexually abused children | Data Used
Child Behavior Checklist (for parent)
Children's Depression Inventory
Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale
Coping Questionnaire for Sexually Abused Children
Fear Thermometer for Sexually Abused Children
ADIS - child version | Group 1 N= 12
Wait List
Group 2 N= 12
Child only CBT - 20 weekly 50-minute individual therapy sessions
Group 3 N= 12
Family CBT - 20 weekly 50-minute therapy sessions with child and nonoffending mothers | |
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| STEIN2003
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Study Type: RCT
Blindness:
Duration (days):
Followup: 3 & 6 months after intervention
Setting: 2 large middle schools in LA.
Info on Screening Process: 769 screened, 643 didn't meet inclusion criteria/didn't consent, 126 randomized | N= 126
Age: Mean 11
Sex: 55 males 71 females
Diagnosis:
Notes: Included if reported exposure to violence and had clinical levels of PTSD symptoms. | Data Used
Teacher-Child Rating Scale
Pediatric Symptom Checklist
Child Depression Inventory
Child PTSD symptom scale | Group 1 N= 61
Immediate CBT - 'Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Trauma in Schools' (CBITS) 10 sessions delivered in groups of 5–8
Group 2 N= 65
Delayed CBT - 'Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Trauma in Schools' (CBITS) 10 sessions delivered in groups of 5–8. Delivered > 3 months after trauma | |
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| TROWELL2002
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Study Type: RCT
Study Description: Comparison study.
Blindness: Single blind
Duration (days):
Followup: 1 year
Setting: Ps recruited from clinics and professional agencie in community in north and south london. Therapy took place in
Info on Screening Process: 94 screened (13 unwilling or ineligible); 81 interviewed (10 unsuitable due to various reasons, including reluctance to partake in individual therapy); 75 randomised (4 never attended). | N= 71
Age: Mean 10 Range 6–14
Sex: all females
Diagnosis:
73% PTSD by Orvaschel's PTSD Scales
Exclusions: Outside 6–14 age bracket; severe developmental delay, psychosis, lack of reasonable confidence that further abuse would not occur, necessity for hospitalisation at the time of initial evaluation.
Notes: Victims of sexual abuse. No PTSD diagnosis required | Data Used
Kiddie Global Assessment Scale
Orvaschel's PTSD Scales
Kiddie-SADS | Group 1 N= 35
Focused Individual Psychotherapy - Up to 30 sessions of 50 mins,.
Group 2 N= 36
Psychoeducational Group Therapy - Up to 18 sessions | |
