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A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M.; 2011.

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia.

Colitis

Last reviewed: October 16, 2011.

Colitis is swelling (inflammation) of the large intestine (colon).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Colitis can have many different causes, including:

See also:

Symptoms

Symptoms can include:

Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, including:

  • How long you have had the symptoms

  • How severe your pain is

  • How often it occurs

  • How long it lasts

  • How often you have diarrhea

  • Whether you have been traveling

The health care provider can diagnose colitis by inserting a flexible tube into the rectum (flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) and evaluating specific areas of the colon. Biopsies taken during these tests may show changes related to inflammation.

Other studies that can identify colitis include:

Treatment

Treatment is directed at the cause of disease (infection, inflammation, lack of blood flow, or another cause).

See the conditions listed above for specific recommendations.

Expectations (prognosis)

The prognosis varies with each disease. See particular conditions listed above.

Complications

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms such as:

  • Abdominal pain that does not get better

  • Blood in the stool or stools that look black

  • Diarrhea or vomiting that does not go away

  • Swollen (distended) abdomen

Prevention

Prevention depends upon the cause of colitis. See the specific condition.

Review Date: 10/16/2011.

Reviewed by: George F Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program San Diego, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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What works?

  • Treatments for collagenous colitis Treatments for collagenous colitis
    Budesonide is a corticosteroid drug that is rapidly metabolized by the liver thereby reducing corticosteroid‐related side effects. This review demonstrates that budesonide is effective for treating chronic diarrhea associated with collagenous colitis over a 6 to 8 week period, and maintaining that response over 6 months. Budesonide also appears to improve patients' quality of life. There is also weaker evidence that bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), a non‐steroid therapy, may be effective for treating collagenous colitis over an 8 week period. Mesalamine with or without cholestyramine may also be effective for treating chronic diarrhea associated with collagenous colitis over a 6 month treatment period. There is no evidence of the effectiveness of other treatments such as Boswellia serrata extract, prednisolone and probiotics. These agents require further study before they can be recommended as treatment options for collagenous colitis.
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Figures

  • Ulcerative colitis.
    Large intestine.

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