Preeclampsia is when a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. Possible causes include:
Risk factors include:
First pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy (twins or more)
Obesity
Being older than age 35
History of diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney disease
Symptoms
Often, women who have preeclampsia do not feel sick.
Symptoms of preeclampsia can include:
Swelling of the hands and face/eyes (edema)
Sudden weight gain over 1-2 days, more than 2 pounds a week
Note: Some swelling of the feet and ankles is considered normal during pregnancy.
Symptoms of severe preeclampsia include:
Headache that does not go away
Belly pain on the right side, below the ribs. Pain may also be felt in the right shoulder, and can be confused with heartburn, gallbladder pain, a stomach virus, or the baby kicking
Irritability
Decreased urine output, not urinating very often
Nausea and vomiting (worrisome sign)
Vision changes, including temporary blindness, seeing flashing lights or spots, sensitivity to light, and blurry vision
Signs and tests
The doctor will perform a physical exam. This may show:
Blood and urine tests will be done. This may show:
Protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Higher-than-normal liver enzymes
Platelet count less than 100,000 (thrombocytopenia)
Tests will also be done to:
The results of a pregnancy ultrasound, non-stress test, and other tests will help your doctor decide whether your baby needs to be delivered immediately.
Women who had low blood pressure at the start of their pregnancy, followed by a significant rise in blood pressure need to be watched closely for other signs of preeclampsia.
Treatment
The only way to cure preeclampsia is to deliver the baby.
If your baby is developed enough (usually 37 weeks or later), your doctor may want your baby to be delivered so the preeclampsia does not get worse. You may receive medicines to help trigger labor, or you may need a c-section.
If your baby is not fully developed and you have mild preeclampsia, the disease can often be managed at home until your baby has a good chance of surviving after delivery. The doctor will probably recommend:
Bed rest, lying on your left side most or all of the time
Drinking extra glasses of water a day
Eating less salt
Frequent doctor visits to make sure you and your baby are doing well
Medicines to lower your blood pressure (sometimes)
Immediately call your doctor if you gain more weight or have new symptoms.
Sometimes, a pregnant woman with preeclampsia is admitted to the hospital so the health care team can more closely watch the baby and mother.
Treatment in the hospital may include:
You and your doctor will continue to discuss the safest time to deliver your baby, considering:
How close you are to your due date. The further along you are in the pregnancy before you deliver, the better it is for your baby.
The severity of the preeclampsia. Preeclampsia has many severe complications that can harm the mother.
How well the baby is doing in the womb.
The baby must be delivered if there are signs of severe preeclampia, including:
Tests that show your baby is not growing well or is not getting enough blood and oxygen
The bottom number of your blood pressure is over 110 mmHg or is greater than 100 mmHg consistently over a 24-hour period
Abnormal liver function test results
Severe headaches
Pain in the belly area (abdomen)
Eclampsia
Fluid in the mother's lungs (pulmonary edema)
HELLP syndrome
Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
Reduce urine output, a lot of protein in the urine, and other signs that your kidneys aren't working properly
Expectations (prognosis)
Sign and symptoms of preeclampsia usually go away within 6 weeks after delivery. However, the high blood pressure sometimes get worse the first few days after delivery.
If you have had preeclampsia, you are more likely to develop it again in another pregnancy. However, it is not usually as severe as the first time.
If you have have high blood pressure during more than one pregnancy, you are more likely to have high blood pressure when you get older.
Death of the mother due to preeclampsia is rare in the U.S. The infant's risk of death depends on the severity of the condition and how early the baby is born.
Complications
Preeclampsia can develop into eclampsia if the mother has seizures. Complications in the baby can occur if the baby is delivered prematurely.
There can be other severe complications for the mother, including:
However, these complications are unusual.
Severe preeclampsia may lead to HELLP syndrome.
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of preeclampsia during your pregnancy.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent preeclampsia. It is important for all pregnant women to start prenatal care early and continue it through the pregnancy.
At each pregnancy checkup, yor health care provider will check your weight, blood pressure, and urine (through a urine dipstick test) to screen you for preeclampsia.
Pregnant women should follow a healthy diet and take prenatal vitamins with folic acid. You should cut back on processed foods, refined sugars, and avoid caffeine, alcohol, and any medication not prescribed by a doctor. Talk to your health care provider before taking any supplements, including herbal preparations.
References
- Sibai BM. Hypertension. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics - Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 33.
- Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al . Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. In: Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds. Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill; 2005:chap 34.
