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A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia.
Brucellosis is an infectious disease that occurs from contact with animals carrying Brucella bacteria.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Brucella can infect cattle, goats, camels, dogs, and pigs. The bacteria can spread to humans if you come in contact with infected meat or the placenta of infected animals, or if you eat or drink unpasteurized milk or cheese.
Brucellosis is rare in the United States. About 100 - 200 cases occur each year.
People working in jobs where they often come in contact with animals or meat -- such as slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and veterinarians -- are at higher risk.
Symptoms
Acute brucellosis may begin with mild flu-like symptoms, or symptoms such as:
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
- Chills
- Excessive sweating
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Headache
- Joint pain
- Loss of appetite
- Weakness
- Weight loss
High fever spikes usually occur every afternoon. The name "undulant" fever is because the fever rises and falls in waves.
Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:
- Muscle pain
The illness may be chronic and last for years.
Signs and tests
- Serology for brucellosis antigen
This disease may also change the results of the following tests:
- Quantitative immunoglobulins (nephelometry)
Treatment
Antibiotics are used to treat the infection and prevent it from coming back. Longer courses of therapy may be needed if there are complications.
Expectations (prognosis)
Relapse may occur, and symptoms may continue for years. As with tuberculosis, the illness can come back after a long period of time.
Complications
- Bone and joint sores (lesions)
- Infective endocarditis
Calling your health care provider
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
- You develop symptoms of brucellosis
- Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment
- You develop new symptoms
Prevention
Drinking and eating only pasteurized milk and cheeses is the most important way to prevent brucellosis. People who handle meat should wear protective glasses and clothing and protect skin breaks from infection.
Detecting infected animals controls the infection at its source. Vaccination is available for cattle, but not humans.
References
- Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, Smits HL. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775-86. [PubMed: 18045560]
- Young EJ. Brucella Species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009: chap 226.
Review Date: 8/24/2011.
Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis
Brucellosis is a common infection caused by Brucella bacteria species and can infect both people and animals. It is spread by eating infected food products and through direct contact with infected animals. The bacterial infection can affect different tissues and organs and is treated using antibiotics. Current recommended treatment regimens involve the use of two or more antibiotics in order to avoid relapses occurring and to prevent prolonged use of these drugs, which may lead to problems of drug resistance arising. Drug resistance is a particularly important issue as most people infected with brucellosis live in low socioeconomic areas of developing countries, where tuberculosis is also an endemic health problem. Thus there are concerns over the potential increase in resistance to tuberculosis drugs due to their prolonged use in treating brucellosis.
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