Nuclear and extranuclear pathway inputs in the regulation of global gene expression by estrogen receptors

Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Sep;22(9):2116-27. doi: 10.1210/me.2008-0059. Epub 2008 Jul 10.

Abstract

Whereas estrogens exert their effects by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) and directly altering target gene transcription, they can also initiate extranuclear signaling through activation of kinase cascades. We have investigated the impact of estrogen-mediated extranuclear-initiated pathways on global gene expression by using estrogen-dendrimer conjugates (EDCs), which because of their charge and size remain outside the nucleus and can only initiate extranuclear signaling. Genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells identified a subset of 17beta-estradiol (E2)-regulated genes ( approximately 25%) as EDC responsive. The EDC and E2-elicited increases in gene expression were due to increases in gene transcription, as observed in nuclear run-on assays and RNA polymerase II recruitment and phosphorylation. Treatment with antiestrogen or ERalpha knockdown using small interfering RNA abolished EDC-mediated gene stimulation, whereas GPR30 knockdown or treatment with a GPR30-selective ligand was without effect, indicating ER as the mediator of these gene regulations. Inhibitors of MAPK kinase and c-Src suppressed both E2 and EDC stimulated gene expression. Of note, in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, EDC was unable to recruit ERalpha to estrogen-responsive regions of regulated genes, whereas ERalpha recruitment by E2 was very effective. These findings suggest that other transcription factors or kinases that are downstream effectors of EDC-initiated extranuclear signaling cascades are recruited to regulatory regions of EDC-responsive genes in order to elicit gene stimulation. This study thus highlights the importance of inputs from both nuclear and extranuclear ER signaling pathways in regulating patterns of gene expression in breast cancer cells.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / drug effects
  • Base Sequence
  • Breast Neoplasms / genetics*
  • Breast Neoplasms / metabolism*
  • CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Dendrimers / pharmacology
  • Estradiol / pharmacology
  • Estrogen Receptor Modulators / pharmacology
  • Estrogen Receptor alpha / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Estrogen Receptor alpha / genetics
  • Estrogen Receptor alpha / metabolism
  • Estrogens / pharmacology
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic* / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
  • Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • RNA, Small Interfering / genetics
  • Receptors, Estrogen / metabolism*
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • src-Family Kinases

Substances

  • Dendrimers
  • Estrogen Receptor Modulators
  • Estrogen Receptor alpha
  • Estrogens
  • RNA, Small Interfering
  • Receptors, Estrogen
  • Estradiol
  • Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
  • CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase
  • src-Family Kinases
  • CSK protein, human
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases