As a quantitatively inherited trait related to high yield potential, grain weight (GW) development in wheat is constrained by abiotic stresses such as limited water supply and high temperature. Data from a doubled haploid population, derived from a cross of (Hanxuan 10 × Lumai 14), grown in four environments were used to explore the genetic basis of GW developmental behavior in unconditional and conditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses using a mixed linear model. Thirty additive QTLs and 41 pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected, and were more frequently observed on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2D, 4A, 4B and 7B. No single QTL was continually active during all stages or periods of grain growth. The QTLs with additive effects (A-QTLs) expressed in the period S1|S0 (the period from the flowering to the seventh day after) formed a foundation for GW development. GW development at these stages can be used as an index for screening superior genotypes under diverse abiotic stresses in a wheat breeding program. One QTL, i.e. Qgw.cgb-6A.2, showed high adaptability for water-limited and heat-stress environments. Many A-QTLs interacted with more than one other QTL in the two genetic models, such as Qgw.cgb-4B.2 interacted with five QTLs, showing that the genetic architecture underlying GW development involves a collective expression of genes with additive and epistatic effects.