Although the etiology of sarcoidosis is still unknown, it is now clear that the formation of the sarcoid granuloma is keenly regulated by a cascade of cytokines. Furthermore, several experimental data indicate a direct association between the release of cytokines and the development of lung fibrosis. In a recent meeting over 300 investigators convened to assess current knowledge in the field of sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases. The meeting provided an overview on the complex networks between immunocompetent cells, cytokines, and mesenchymal cells setting the stage for the pathogenesis of granulomatous and vasculitic disorders. However, emphasis was given to the possibility of using innovative immunotherapies to target relevant cytokines or molecules involved in granuloma formation and the remodelling of lung tissue. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.