Concentration camp survivors from Bosnia-Herzegovina, now refugees in the Netherlands, were given early outpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for 6 months. They were tested with the Watson Questionnaire before entering therapy, after 6 months and 3 years later when a structured interview designed to obtain information on psychosocial status was administered. Data were analyzed with PCA-STAT 1.1 statistical package. The treatment was effective on a short-term basis with some long-term effects. Elderly people were no more vulnerable to the onset of PTSD than younger ones but were more resistant to therapy. Psychosocial factors had neither protective nor risk value for the development of PTSD in this group.