A brief description of the effects that smallpox caused in the worldwide population places the events that gave rise to the evolution of the concept and practice of the smallpox vaccine in context. Through a description of various events in Jenner's life in relation to his study and use of inoculation, the lessons that have been learned from the dissemination of the technique and the development of smallpox vaccination campaigns and programs throughout the world are commented on. The article indicates that the analysis of the process that culminated in the eradication of smallpox has current applications in programs underway to control, eliminate and eventually eradicate certain diseases. Finally, some lessons are highlighted that have been used in successful national, regional and worldwide vaccination campaigns in the struggle against other infectious diseases.