Abstract

Pulmonary aspergillosis represents a common, potentially lethal opportunistic infection that has four unique forms: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), aspergilloma, and invasive and semi-invasive aspergillosis. In individuals who are at risk, pulmonary aspergillosis is characterized by a spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings that are intrinsically related to the status of the immune system or the presence of structural lung disease. ABPA, occurring almost exclusively in asthma patients, is characterized radiographically by fleeting pulmonary alveolar opacities caused by deposition of immune complexes and inflammatory cells within the lung parenchyma. Mucus plugging and bronchial wall thickening can be expected in time. Aspergilloma, occurring in patients with structural lung disease, typically appears radiographically as a focal intracavitary mass and is characterized initially by an increase in the wall thickness of a preexisting cavity or cyst. Invasive aspergillosis, which occurs primarily in profoundly immunocompromised patients, may exhibit nonspecific patchy nodular opacities or lobar-type air-space disease in cases with vascular invasion. Computed tomography may reveal a halo or ground-glass attenuation and is more accurate in the detection of early disease. Cavitation often develops with time and typically results in the air crescent sign. Semi-invasive aspergillosis is radiographically similar to the invasive form but differs in clinical course, being associated with mild immunosuppression or chronic illness and typically progressing over the course of months rather than weeks.