Receptors for transmitters, as varied as those expressed by neurons, have been described on primary astrocyte cultures prepared from new-born rats and mice. A variety of functional effects and considerable cell-to-cell and regional heterogeneity have been observed for such receptors in vitro. The various systems available for studying the presence and properties of receptors on astrocytes in situ, and the results from these studies, are discussed. Much fewer studies using these more difficult systems have been done. So far, some resemblances and differences between in situ and in vitro work have been observed. More of these in situ studies, to supplement the ongoing in vitro work, are needed to enable us to determine unequivocally which receptors are present on astrocytes, and their functions in vivo. If there is cell-to-cell and CNS regional heterogeneity in vivo comparable to that seen in vitro, these analyses will be very complex. To illustrate the importance and variety of receptor-linked functions, a number of suggestions are made in this commentary, based on current proposals for the roles of astrocytes. However, it is argued that we need to have a more complete understanding of astrocyte functions in vivo, before we can really understand the functional significance of astrocyte receptors.