Heart-lung transplantation is a complex, expensive, and resource-intensive procedure. It is performed more often where there is coexistence of end-stage pulmonary disease with advanced cardiac disease that is not secondary to pulmonary hypertension (e.g., some forms of congenital heart disease, some situations with Eisenmenger's syndrome, and possibly the coexistence of end-stage heart and end-stage lung disease). Available data indicate that some disease states are associated with a higher probability of successful outcome after HLT than are others. Objectively validated and reliable patient selection criteria cannot be obtained from the current medical literature. Expert opinion provided to OHTA contained varying degrees of detail and uniformity with respect to patient selection (Tables 11 and 12). While most agree that "irreversible cardiopulmonary disease" is an indication for this procedure, there are no published data that have provided details as to how patients so designated were selected as candidates for HLT. For example, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema), neither expert opinion nor published studies of HLT provided data indicating the stage of the disease at which a decision to transplant is reasonable and objectively justifiable. A similar lack of detail for cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, asbestosis, and other diseases was noted. Thus, there are insufficient data regarding transplant recipients to permit the development of objective criteria for a threshold for HLT in the various disease states. The circumstances are more problematic regarding suggested contraindications for HLT. While objective survival rates obtained from registry data indicated that survival bore little relationship to recipient age, various opinions provided to OHTA specified a maximum age for HLT candidates, ranging from under 45 years to 60 years. Adverse factors and contraindications, such as "other significant disease," "recurrent pulmonary emboli," "hepatic disease," "infection," and "insulin-dependent diabetes" were nonspecific and unsupported by published, objective evidence. More ambiguous contraindications included "psychiatric illness," "poor family support structure," "history of noncompliance with medical regimens," and lack of "emotional stability." While psychiatric, psychologic, or sociologic evaluations of potential HLT recipients undeniably have relevance to patient selection, use of such criteria should be supported at least by evidence of generally consistent application across the transplant community. Of note was the recommended requirement that the recipient possess "adequate financial resources," which implies that the benefits of HLT are not expected to be equitably provided to the public.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)