Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program

Chest. 1995 Aug;108(2):447-51. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.2.447.

Abstract

The effectiveness of nicotine gum in combination with a behavior modification program was studied. The nicotine dependence of participating smokers (N = 322) was assessed. One hundred sixty-eight smokers were labeled as high nicotine dependent and 154 as moderate to low dependent. In a randomized double-blind procedure, the high-dependent smokers were given gum containing 4 mg of nicotine (87) or 2 mg of nicotine (81) and the smokers with medium or low dependence were given gum containing 2 mg (76) or a placebo gum (78). The smokers were also randomized to familiarizing themselves with the medication a week before quit day (112) or to regular use, that is starting gum use on the quit day (122). In the high-dependent group, sustained and chemically verified nonsmoking rates at 6 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years were, respectively, 60%, 39%, and 34% in the subjects given the 4-mg dose compared with 41%, 16%, and 16% for those using the 2-mg dose. In the group with medium or low dependence, the success rates at the same time periods were 70%, 49%, and 39% for the subjects given the 2-mg dose and 38%, 22%, and 17% for those given placebo gum. The differences in success rates were significant at least at the p < 0.02% level for all comparisons. Familiarizing with the gum as compared with regular use gave fewer reports of side effects, 15% vs 34%, p < 0.001. A trend toward better success rates at 6 weeks, although not statistically significant, was observed for the familiarization group, 61% vs 52%. The study shows that high nicotine-dependent smokers need higher doses of nicotine replacement, in this case the 4-mg dose rather than the 2-mg dose, whereas 2 mg is superior to placebo among less dependent smokers. These results compare favorably with those reported from the more recent nicotine patch therapy.

Publication types

  • Clinical Trial
  • Comparative Study
  • Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Behavior Therapy* / methods
  • Chewing Gum
  • Combined Modality Therapy
  • Cotinine / analysis
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Double-Blind Method
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Nicotine / administration & dosage*
  • Nicotine / adverse effects
  • Saliva / chemistry
  • Smoking Cessation / methods
  • Substance-Related Disorders / metabolism
  • Substance-Related Disorders / therapy*
  • Time Factors
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Chewing Gum
  • Nicotine
  • Cotinine