In the course of examining afferents to ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we needed to know how close to an iontophoretic deposit site neurons could be proved to be retrogradely labeled. In evaluating cells near but clearly outside HRP deposit sites visualized after a 24-hour survival period, for example, neurons which had been filled with HRP by somal or dendritic uptake could not be treated as retrogradely labeled and thus would not add to studies of intrahypothalamic connections. Rats were given standardized iontophoretic applications of HRP into VMH (continuous positive current 0.25 mu amp for 1 minute) and sacrificed after 5 or 15 minutes, 1, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hours in order to examine the pattern of HRP spread. The chromogen was tetramethylbenzidine. The volume of the application site visualized at 24 hours was less than 10% of maximum site size, which occurred at 1 hour. Since the cells located within the maximal spread boundary are candidates for nonretrograde labeling, HRP data on local connections obtained even from small iontophoretic deposits must be evaluated in the light of the demonstrated expansion and subsequent contraction of the application site. These results may also hold implications for the precision with which distant connections can be examined using the HRP retrograde method, as sites that appear discrete when visualized after 24-hour survival may have overlapped at shorter times post-iontophoresis. Incorporation of retrograde tracers into polyacrylamide gels provides an effective alternative to pressure injection or iontophoresis of aqueous tracer solutions. We describe a method for filling micropipettes with HRP-polyacrylamide gel. The pipettes are then implanted into brain sites to provide a confined pool of HRP. With postimplantation survival of 24 hour or longer, this method produces sites comparable in size to iontophoretic sites examined at 24 hours and results in improved retrograde labeling. Some results obtained with this method concerning the afferent connections of the dorsomedial hypothalamus are described.