Science. 1983 Apr 1;220(4592):95-7.

Early morning insomnia with rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines.

Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, Kales JD.

Abstract

Early morning insomnia, a significant increase in wakefulness during the final hours of drug nights, occurred after 1 or 2 weeks of nightly administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics with short elimination half-lives, when tolerance had begun to develop. Early morning insomnia may be a variant of rebound insomnia and therefore specific to benzodiazepines, or it may occur with any rapidly eliminated sedative-hypnotic agent.

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Review Sleep laboratory studies of hypnotic drugs: efficacy and withdrawal effects. [J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983]
Review Sleep laboratory studies of hypnotic drugs: efficacy and withdrawal effects.
Kales A, Kales JD. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983 Apr; 3(2):140-50.
Review Rebound insomnia: a critical review. [J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989]
Review Rebound insomnia: a critical review.
Gillin JC, Spinweber CL, Johnson LC. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Jun; 9(3):161-72.
Review Rebound insomnia and elimination half-life: assessment of individual subject response. [J Clin Pharmacol. 1985]
Review Rebound insomnia and elimination half-life: assessment of individual subject response.
Bixler EO, Kales JD, Kales A, Jacoby JA, Soldatos CR. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Mar; 25(2):115-24.
Rebound insomnia. A potential hazard following withdrawal of certain benzodiazepines. [JAMA. 1979]
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Insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder: polysomnographic, psychometric and clinical investigations before, during and after therapy with a long- versus a short-half-life benzodiazepine (quazepam versus triazolam).
Saletu B, Anderer P, Brandstätter N, Frey R, Grünberger J, Klösch G, Mandl M, Wetter T, Zeitlhofer J. Neuropsychobiology. 1994; 29(2):69-90.

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Cited by 7 PubMed Central articles

Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective GABA(A) Receptor Modulators? [Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012]
Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective GABA(A) Receptor Modulators?
Vinkers CH, Olivier B. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 2012:416864. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
Moderating Benzodiazepine Use in the Elderly: Curbing physicians' prescribing practices. [Can Fam Physician. 1992]
Moderating Benzodiazepine Use in the Elderly: Curbing physicians' prescribing practices.
Huston PG. Can Fam Physician. 1992 Oct; 38:2459-543.
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Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia.
Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. CMAJ. 2000 Jan 25; 162(2):225-33.

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