Exposure assessment of benzoic acid from processed foods in South Korea

To evaluate the dietary exposure to benzoic acid of Korean consumers, the daily intake of benzoic acid was estimated using benzoic acid concentrations from processed food survey data in South Korea and food consumption data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2018. The results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) stipulated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. In addition, we estimated the effects and risk of benzoic acid intake, which may be increased by including amounts of naturally occurring benzoic acid recently established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Benzoic acid analyses were conducted in South Korea in 2020 for a total of 127,628 samples; it was detected in 1,803 samples, a detection rate of 1.4%. The mean contents of total samples and detected samples were 1.3 mg/kg and 89.4 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of benzoic acid for average consumers using a mean value of detected samples was 207.3 μg/kg.bw/day, which is 4.1% of ADI. The EDI of benzoic acid for high consumers (95^th percentile) of processed foods among the consumers was 1,406.7 μg/kg.bw/day, which is 28.1% of the ADI. As a result of estimating the intake of benzoic acid, which may be increased by a newly established standard on natural occurrence in South Korea, the theoretical maximum EDI of benzoic acid was 109.9 μg/kg.bw/day, which is 2.2% of the ADI.