Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016-2019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives

Viruses. 2020 Oct 30;12(11):1233. doi: 10.3390/v12111233.

Abstract

Yellow fever (YF) is a re-emerging viral zoonosis caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), affecting humans and non-human primates (NHP). YF is endemic in South America and Africa, being considered a burden for public health worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Acute infectious disease can progress to severe hemorrhagic conditions and has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. In 2016, Brazil started experiencing one of the most significant YF epidemics in its history, with lots of deaths being reported in regions that were previously considered free of the disease. Here, we reviewed the historical aspects of YF in Brazil, the epidemiology of the disease, the challenges that remain in Brazil's public health context, the main lessons learned from the recent outbreaks, and our perspective for facing future YF epidemics.

Keywords: Brazil; ecology; epidemic; epidemiology; public health; yellow fever.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Endemic Diseases / prevention & control
  • Epidemics / prevention & control*
  • Humans
  • Primates / virology
  • Public Health*
  • Viral Zoonoses / epidemiology*
  • Yellow Fever / epidemiology*
  • Yellow Fever / mortality
  • Yellow Fever / prevention & control
  • Yellow Fever Vaccine

Substances

  • Yellow Fever Vaccine