Millions of Americans are plagued by serious problems of inadequate health care benefits, limiting their access to services and creating hardship. For those under 65 years of age, the problem is the lack of insurance for many working poor and others. For the elderly, the problem is one of underinsurance in terms of both cost and coverage, particularly for long-term care. Policies of cost containment and cost shifting to consumers have exacerbated these problems, and current health policy proposals offer little respite. Arguments are made for a program of public national health care. Health policy interventions are considered at four levels: incrementalism, modification, alteration, and transformation. A proposal is presented for universal health benefits that are organized and operated to eliminate for-profit medical care and to promote social and preventive care.