Objective: To investigate the current situation of human milk (HM) feeding in hospitalized very low and extremely low birth weight infants. Methods: The study retrospectively extracted the data of 601 infants with birth weight <1 500 g, and admitted within 24 hours after birth to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. The infants were grouped into exclusive mother's-own-milk (MOM) group, donor human milk (DHM) group (partial or none MOM), and mixed (HM and formula) feeding group according to the feeding strategy. Qualitative and quantitative variables in the three groups were compared with One-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Kappa and McNemar test were used for consistency testing. Results: Among the 601 infants (309 boys and 292 girls), 6 (1.0%) infants had never been fed with MOM. The gestational age and birth weight were (29.3±1.9) weeks and 1 260(1 115, 1 400) g in 601 infants. A total of 8 (1.3%) infants were grouped into MOM group, 542 (90.2%) were grouped into DHM group, and 51 (8.5%) were grouped into mixed feeding group. The percentage of enteral feedings with MOM in the stage of hospitalization 1-7 d, 8-14 d and 15-28 d were 73.6% (42.9%, 86.7%), 97.5% (78.6%, 100.0%) and 99.3% (93.0%, 100.0%), respectively (H=414.95, P<0.01), and the pairwise comparison suggested that the stage of hospitalization 1-7 d was the lowest (adjusted both P<0.05). The average weight adjusted daily dose of MOM were 9.7 (4.3, 18.2), 59.1 (26.5, 93.5) and 116.0 (60.3, 142.6) ml/(kg·d) in the stage of hospitalization 1-7 d, 8-14 d and 15-28 d, respectively (H=759.75, P<0.01), and the pairwise comparison suggested that the stage of hospitalization 1-7 d was the lowest (adjusted both P<0.05). The weight adjusted daily dose of MOM in exclusive MOM group, DHM and Mixed feeding group were 95.2 (40.0, 117.2), 82.9(53.6, 103.1) and 55.7 (16.6, 97.5) ml/(kg·d), respectively (H=10.78, P=0.005).Additionally, the percentage and weight adjusted daily dose of MOM showed a general consistency of 0.703 (P>0.05, Kappa=0.408). Conclusions: The rate of exclusive MOM feeding is low, especially during the first 7 days of hospitalization. The percentage of total enteral feedings with MOM and the average weight adjusted daily dose of MOM can well evaluate the situation of HM feeding during hospitalization quantitively.
目的： 探讨极低和超低出生体重儿住院期间应用不同人乳喂养评价指标评价人乳喂养的现状。 方法： 采用回顾性队列研究，收集2016年1月至2018年12月在南京市妇幼保健院产科出生，出生体重<1 500 g，出生后24 h内入新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）的符合纳入标准的601例新生儿的临床资料。根据喂养的种类分为纯母乳喂养组、捐赠人乳组、混合喂养组。应用量化评价指标母乳占比和母乳量评价不同喂养种类组、不同住院阶段人乳喂养现状。采用方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验、χ(2)检验或Fisher精确概率检验进行组间比较。Kappa检验和McNemar检验用于一致性检验。 结果： 601例（男309例、女292例）极低和超低出生体重儿出生胎龄（29.3±1.9）周，出生体重1 260（1 115，1 400）g，其中6例（1.0%）整个住院期间未进行母乳喂养。纯母乳喂养组8例（1.3%），捐赠人乳组542例（90.2%），混合喂养组51例（8.5%）。住院1~7 d、8~14 d、15~28 d 3个阶段的母乳占比分别为73.6%（42.9%，86.7%）、97.5%（78.6%，100.0%）、99.3%（93.0%，100.0%），差异有统计学意义（H=414.95，P<0.01），两两比较提示住院1~7 d母乳占比低于8~14 d和15~28 d，为各阶段最低（调整后P均<0.05）。住院1~7 d、8~14 d、15~28 d母乳量差异有统计学意义[9.7（4.3，18.2）、59.1（26.5，93.5）、116.0（60.3，142.6）ml/(kg·d)，H=759.75，P<0.01]，两两比较提示住院1~7 d母乳量最低（调整后P均<0.05）。纯母乳喂养组、捐赠人乳组、混合喂养组住院期间母乳量差异有统计学意义[95.2（40.0，117.2）、82.9（53.6,103.1）、55.7（16.6，97.5）ml/(kg·d)，H=10.78，P=0.005]。母乳占比和母乳量2个评价指标一致性检验总符合率为0.703，McNemar检验P>0.05，Kappa=0.408。 结论： 极低和超低出生体重儿住院期间纯母乳喂养率不高，其在住院1~7 d的母乳占比和母乳量低于8~14 d、15~28 d 2个阶段。量化评价指标母乳占比和母乳量的共同应用可以更全面地反映住院期间母乳喂养的现状。.
Keywords: Breast feeding; Infant, extremely low birth weight; Infant, very low birth weight.