Roles of the BRD4 short isoform in phase separation and active gene transcription

Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Apr;27(4):333-341. doi: 10.1038/s41594-020-0394-8. Epub 2020 Mar 16.

Abstract

BRD4, a major tandem-bromodomain-containing transcription regulator, has two isoforms. The long isoform (BRD4L) has an extended C terminus that binds transcription cofactors, while the short isoform (BRD4S) lacks this C-terminal extension. Unlike BRD4L, the role of BRD4S in gene transcription remains unclear. Here, we report that, in human cancer cells, BRD4S forms nuclear puncta that possess liquid-like properties and that colocalize with BRD4L, MED1 and sites of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation. BRD4 puncta are correlated with BRD4S but not BRD4L expression levels. BRD4S knockdown reduces BRD4S condensation, and ectopic expression promotes puncta formation and target gene transcription. BRD4S nuclear condensation is mediated by its intrinsically disordered regions and binding of its bromodomains to DNA and acetylated chromatin, respectively, and BRD4S phosphorylation diminishes BRD4 condensation. Our study illuminates a previously unappreciated role of BRD4S in organizing chromatin and transcription factors through phase separation to sustain gene transcription in chromatin for cancer cell proliferation.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • A549 Cells
  • Acetylation
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / chemistry
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics*
  • Cell Proliferation / genetics
  • Chromatin / chemistry
  • Chromatin / genetics*
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / chemistry
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / genetics
  • Histones / chemistry
  • Histones / genetics
  • Humans
  • Mediator Complex Subunit 1 / chemistry
  • Mediator Complex Subunit 1 / genetics*
  • Neoplasms / genetics*
  • Neoplasms / pathology
  • Protein Isoforms / genetics
  • Transcription Factors / chemistry
  • Transcription Factors / genetics*

Substances

  • BRD4 protein, human
  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Chromatin
  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • Histones
  • MED1 protein, human
  • Mediator Complex Subunit 1
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Transcription Factors