Objective: This study evaluated associations of serum matrix Gla protein (MGP), plasma vitamin K1, and plasma vitamin K2 with coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: Subjects comprised 112 MHD patients aged 30-60 years and 40 age-matched healthy subjects. Total MGP, vitamin K1, vitamin K2, and lipid profile were examined in all subjects; other clinical data, medication use, and CACS were assessed only in MHD patients. Determinants of MGP in all subjects were identified by regression analysis. Factors associated with CACS and CVD in MHD patients were identified by regression analysis and logistic analysis, respectively. Results: Lower plasma levels of vitamin K1 corrected for triglycerides [0.39 (0.24-0.70) vs. 0.77 (0.48-1.34) ng/mg, p < 0.001], higher frequency of plasma vitamin K2 ≤ 0.05 ng/ml (p = 0.23), and higher serum total MGP (288.4 ± 44.2 vs. 159.7 ± 40.6 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) were observed in MHD patients than in healthy controls. Total MGP level was significantly associated with levels of vitamin K1 corrected for triglycerides (p <0 .001) and vitamin K2 ≤ 0.05 ng/ml (p < 0.05) in all subjects. Total MGP level was significantly associated with presence of CVD (p <0 .05), but not CACS, in MHD patients. Conclusion: The end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis is a deficiency state of vitamin K. Total MGP was significantly higher in MHD patients compared to healthy subjects and total MGP was associated with the presence of CVD, but not CACS, in MHD patients.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; coronary artery calcium score; hemodialysis; matrix Gla protein; vitamins K.